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1.
LUCC and Accompanied Soil Degradation in China from 1960''''s to 1990''''s   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
This paper tries to qualitatively analyze land use and cover changes (LUCC) and accompanied soil degradation in China, the data of World Atlas of Agriculture in 1969, Land Cover Data of Asia in 1992 and Global Assessment of Human Induced Soil Degradation in 1992, etc. have been used. From 1960' s to 1990's, the area of forestland had increased, ara-ble land and paddy as well as grassland had significantly decreased in China. The major type of soil degradation is due to wa-ter erosion, which is widely distributed especially in Loess Plateau and in Southeast and Southwest China, this happened in forestland, grassland and arable land and mainly resulted from deforestation. The secondary type is wind erosion, which is mainly distributed in Northwest China, it happened in arable land and grassland and was caused by overgrazing. Chemical deterioration is distributed in North and Northwest China, which happened in paddy, arable land and grassland. Physical de-terioration only concentrated in local area in North  相似文献   

2.
In order to study land use and cover changes (LUCC), especially urbanization accompanied soil degradation, authors used Asia DMSP/OLS data in 1992, Land Cover Data of Asia in 1992 and Global Assessment of Human Induced Soil Degradation (GLASOD, by ISRIC) in 1992, etc. In China the major type of soil degradation is water erosion, which is widely distributed especially in Loess Plateau and in Southeast and Southwest China and happened in forestland, grassland and arable land and mainly resulted from deforestation. The secondary type is wind erosion, which is mainly distributed in Northwest China and happened in arable land and grassland and was mainly caused by overgrazing. Chemical deterioration is mainly distributed in North and Northwest China and happened in paddy, arable land and grassland. Physical deterioration only concentrated in local area in North China and happened in arable land and paddy. Chemical and physical deterioration were resulted from unreasonable agricultural activity. From city to city + 200km with different distance away from city, different types and strength of human activities resulted in different types and distributions of soil degradation. In China human activity mainly concentrated within city+ 50km, therefore, accompanied soil degradation, such as chemical and physical deterioration, mainly happened near and around city.  相似文献   

3.
Land use/cover change (LUCC) is one of the main boundary conditions which influence many hydrologic processes. In view of the importance of Taihu Lake Watershed in China and the urgency of discovering the impacts of LUCC on storm runoff, two flood events under five land cover scenarios in the Xitiaoxi River Basin of the upstream of Taihu Lake watershed were simulated by distributed hydrologic modeling system HEC-HMS. The influences of each land cover on storm runoff were discussed. It was concluded that under the same rainstorm the ascending order of runoff coefficient and peak flow produced by the 5 different land covers were woodland, shrub, grassland, arable land, and built-up land; the descending order of swelling time were woodland, shrub, grassland, arable land, and built-up land. Scenario of built-up land was the first to reach peak flow, then arable land, grassland, shrub, and woodland. There were close relationships between the runoff coefficients produced by the 5 different land covers. The degrees of impacts on runoff coefficient of land cover change modes were sorted by descending: woodland to built-up land, shrub to built-up land, grassland to built-up land, arable land to built-up land, woodland to arable land, shrub to arable land, arable land to grassland, shrub to grassland, grassland to arable land, and woodland to shrub. Urbanization will contribute to flood disaster, while forestation will mitigate flood disaster.  相似文献   

4.
1 Introduction Food grain productivity of dry land per capitahas declined significantly during the past fewdecades (Parr et al. 1990). Bowman et al. (1990)and Blaikie (1985) indicated that the greatest lossin productivity comes from soil loss, withsecondary effects from loss of nutrients due toreduced organic matter and increased soil bulkdensity. Soil erosion has major ecological andeconomic consequences in densely populatedChina, particularly, in a large agriculture province,Sichuan…  相似文献   

5.
The northeastern China is an important commodity grain region in China,as well as a notable corn belt and major soybean producing area.It thus plays a significant role in the national food security system.However,large-scale land reclamation and non-optimum farming practices give rise to soil degradation in the region.This study analyzed the food security issues coupled with global climate change in the northeastern China during 1980–2000,which is the period of modern agriculture.The results of statistical data show that the arable land area shrank markedly in 1992,and then increased slowly,while food production generally continually increased.The stable grain yield was due to the increase of applied fertilizer and irrigated areas.Soil degradation in the northeastern China includes severe soil erosion,reduced soil nutrients,a thinner black soil layer,and deterioration of soil physical properties.The sustainable development of the northeastern China is influenced by natural-artificial binary disturbance factors which consist of meteorological conditions,climate changes,and terrain factors as well as soil physical and chemical properties.Interactions between the increasing temperature and decreasing precipitation in the region led to reduced accumulation of soil organic matter,which results in poor soil fertility.Human-induced factors,such as large-scale land reclamation and non-optimum farming practices,unsuitable cultivation systems,dredging,road building,illegal land occupation,and extensive use of fertilizers and pesticides,have led to increasingly severe soil erosion and destruction.Solutions to several problems of soil degradation in this region requiring urgent settlement are proposed.A need for clear and systematic recognition and recording of land use changes,land degradation,food production and climate change conditions is suggested,which would provide a reference for food security studies in the northeastern China.  相似文献   

6.
本文基于CG-LTDR土地覆盖数据产品,利用GIS空间统计等方法分析了中国1990-2010年土地覆盖的变化特点。与参考数据的比较检验表明,CG-LTDR土地覆盖数据在中国具有与其他同类数据相当甚至更高的分类精度。经逐年的长时间地表覆盖数据分析发现,由于受气候与人为因素影响,土地覆盖类型有明显的年际变化波动,尤其是云南-内蒙一线的干旱区与湿润区的过渡带。1990-2010年中国的林地和荒漠呈增加趋势,而草地和耕地呈减少趋势。利用5年的合成数据分析其年际变化,结果显示1990-2000年土地覆盖类型变化大,2000-2010年的变化较为平缓。在几种主要覆盖类型中,林地增加最明显,这主要与东南地区大部分耕地、西南和东北地区大面积草地转变为林地有关,但也有部分省份由于树木砍伐和农耕区扩张导致林地面积减小。耕地面积占比最高,其减少趋势主要与耕地变为林地和草地有关。南部的耕地减少最明显,北部略有增加,新增耕地的重心从东南向北转移。林地的增加趋势与耕地的减少趋势主要与全国大范围的退耕还林工程和生态保护政策有关。草地主要分布在生态脆弱区,其面积减少最显著,在西南及东北部分地区主要是草地变为林地,在内蒙中东部-陕西北部一线发生草地与耕地相互转换,而在内蒙北部-青藏高原一线有草地与荒漠的互相转换,在土地覆盖类型交错区,其利用类型容易发生改变。荒漠主要分布于西北地区,由于受到草地退化等因素影响,荒漠化趋势在进一步加剧。  相似文献   

7.
1IN TR O D U C TIO NEco-security is the state in w hich the resources,envi-ronm entand ecosystem s thatconcern people are secure(M Aetal.,2004;SH Ietal.,2004).O therw ise,w e calliteco-security problem or ecologicalrisk.The eco-se-curity isdraw ing the in…  相似文献   

8.
近30年来中国陆地蒸散量和土壤水分变化特征分析   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  
 对NOAH陆面模式模拟的近30年中国陆地蒸散量和土壤含水量,按照6大片区和5种生态系统类型进行了统计分析。讨论全国以及各大区不同生态系统类型蒸散和土壤含水量的变化,研究不同类型蒸散和土壤含水量的关系。中国陆地蒸散量总体呈增加的趋势,年内蒸散量最大的月份是7月,年末和年初蒸散量较小。而我国中南、西南、华东、东北和西北蒸散量变化趋势和全国的总趋势一致,呈增加的趋势。华北地区蒸散量近30年来总体趋势是下降的,华北蒸散量最大的年份是上世纪90年代。在所有生态系统类型中,林地蒸散最大的有东北、华东、西南和中南4区;而华北和西北草地在各类型中蒸散量所占比例最高。6大片区对比,林地蒸散水量最大的地区是西南和中南,最小的西北;草地蒸散水量最大的地区是西南,最小的是东北区;农田蒸散水量最高的是华东,最低的是西北;荒漠蒸散量最大的片区是西北;湿地蒸散最大的是东北。80年代以来,全国土壤含水量总体呈下降的趋势。从各片区的情况看,仅西北地区稍有增加,其余5区土壤含水量皆是下降的。植被覆盖度和土壤水分是影响蒸散量最重要的因子,在植被覆盖较差时,土壤水分和蒸散量相关性较好。  相似文献   

9.
为揭示土地利用空间格局的动态变化,本文基于土地利用转移矩阵,从类型间的空间转移过程出发,构建了置换变化与代换变化的计算模型,并对其2种变化进行了分析。置换变化是2种类型之间以相同面积发生空间位置的置换过程,且各种类型的数量结构保持不变;代换变化则是所研究类型的数量结构保持不变,而与之转换的其他类型数量上的增加或减少;从而将单一类型的总变化进一步细分为置换变化、代换变化与净变化。以晋江流域1985年与2006年2期土地利用格局的变化为例进行分析,结果显示：在1985-2006年间,晋江流域的土地利用空间格局发生了显著变化;园地、建设用地、未利用地呈现扩张态势,草地与旱地呈现萎缩变化,水域变化不大;这6种地类的交换变化面积相对较少,以置换变化为主。水田与林地则主要表现为空间位置的交换变化,其中,水田呈现出与林地、旱地2种类型之间的置换变化,而林地则主要是园地-林地与林地-草地这2对类型间的代换变化。结果表明,通过置换变化与代换变化的分析,更细化了各种类型之间的动态变化过程。  相似文献   

10.
我国东北地区的自然环境状况一直备受关注,其土地沙化、荒漠化、林地草地退化、森林退化、土地盐碱化等土地环境变化的原因及监测一直是科研的焦点。随着“美丽中国中脊带”的提出,位于该线东北段附近的土地环境相关的研究也不断开展。在涉及该区域土地状况的研究中,常用研究方法有实地考察以及基于遥感卫星影像来进行分析,而本文利用知识图谱技术来构建相关文献研究的知识谱系,从另一个角度探究东北土地的环境状况变化因素。首先,由于知识图谱可以广泛探究文本数据之间的关联,且便捷高效,因此本文用科学知识图谱的有关方法对目前探究东北地区土地环境变化影响因素的4318篇CNKI文献进行挖掘,再用关键词共现的方法提取大量文献中已探明的目标因素,从而构建比较全面的基于东北地区环境研究的知识谱系,这一方法不仅省时省力,而且可以归纳出比较全面的影响因素;其次,结合聚类分析归纳出影响东北地区土地变化的主要因素,并进行分析。最后,选取词频前十的因素进行汇总,统计得出东北地区土地环境变化的影响因素,如影响土地沙化的因素中,频数最高的关键词有生态环境破坏、水土流失、沙尘暴等,影响土地沙化的因素中,水土流失、土壤沙化、水资源不足等频数最高,这些因素分别代表了我国东北地区土地沙化、荒漠化、盐碱化、草地草场退化、林地退化、森林退化以及黑土地退化等土地环境变化的最主要因素。这一方法将为今后从知识图谱文本挖掘的方面深入探究地理、气候等自然现象的影响因素提供新的思路。  相似文献   

11.
1INTRODUCTIONDesertification is one of the most serious land degrada-tion, which results in the deterioration of physical, che-mical, and biological characteristics of soils (UNEP, 1992). Soil organic carbon (SOC) was considered to be a key index in evaluation of soil quality, soil degradation and soil C sequestration(SCHLENGSINGER etal., 1990; FENG etal., 2002; WANG etal., 2003). Many researchers have reported the correlations among desertification restoration, soil C s…  相似文献   

12.
A crucial region for China's ‘Grain-forGreen Policy' is located within a traditional farmpastoral area, between 2000 to 3000 m above sea level, on the eastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau.However, the responses of soil organic carbon(SOC) to different land-use patterns in this region are unclear. Here, we determined the SOC(0–20 cm) content of grasslands and forests that are being converted from farmlands, as well as in abandoned arable land and arable land in this region. The factors influencing the reclaimed lands were analyzed along altitudes from 2030 to 3132 m. Our results showed that SOC content was higher for grassland and abandoned arable land than forest and arable land. The SOC content increased with the increase in altitude for total land-use patterns. Further, the grassland and abandoned arable land had higher SOC content than the forest with almost parallel trends along the increase in altitude. However, the proportion of regulated factors of altitude and species richness varied among forest, grassland, and abandoned arable land. Our results indicated that the land-use pattern of returning farmland to grassland and abandoned arable land was more effective in terms of the SOC storage in the superficial layer in this altitude range in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, thereby being beneficial to optimizing land management in this region.  相似文献   

13.
锡林郭勒盟为我国北方典型草原区,草地的退化与恢复影响生态系统的防风固沙服务功能。为了便于制定区域生态恢复的防治措施,实现草地生态系统的可持续发展与防治土壤风蚀危害,本文基于气象、遥感数据,运用RWEQ(Revised Wind Erosion Equation)模型,结合锡林郭勒盟的草地覆盖度变化对20世纪90年代以来的防风固沙服务功能的时空变化趋势进行了定量评估,并分析了草地覆盖度变化对防风固沙服务功能的影响。研究表明:锡林郭勒盟土壤风蚀以微度和轻度侵蚀为主,主要集中在植被盖度较高、降水相对较多,风场强度相对较低的东部、中部和南部地区;中度以上区域主要集中在西部的荒漠草原区与浑善达克沙地区,且侵蚀面积随侵蚀强度的增加而递减;防风固沙服务功能量的分布趋势与土壤风蚀模数的分布趋势基本一致;防风固沙服务功能保有率的分布特征与植被盖度的分布特征基本一致,表现为由西北到东南逐渐增加的趋势;在气候暖干化背景下,受京津风沙源治理工程实施的影响,以微度和轻度侵蚀为主的草地覆盖度减小区转为以微度和轻度为主的覆盖度增加区,轻度和中度以上侵蚀为主的草地覆盖度减小区转为基本持衡区;草地覆盖度的降低与增加对土壤风蚀的加剧和抑制作用明显,大部分地区的防风固沙服务功能保有率的下降(提升)与风蚀季节草地覆盖度的减小与提升呈显著正相关(r0.6,p0.05)。  相似文献   

14.
Quantification of soil spatial and temporal variability at watershed scale is important in ecological modeling, precision agriculture, and natural resources management. The spatio-temporal variations of soil nitrogen under different land uses in a small watershed (12.10 km2) in the hilly area of purple soil at the upper reaches of the Yangtze River in southwestern China were investigated by using conventional statistics, geostatistics, and a geographical information system in order to provide information for land management and control of environmental issues. A total of 552 soil samples (0 to 15 cm) from 276 sites within the watershed were collected in April and August of 2011, and analyzed for soil total nitrogen (STN) and nitrate nitrogen (NO3-N). We compared spatial variations of STN and NO3-N under different land uses as well as the temporal variations in April (dry season) and August (rainy season). Results showed that STN contents were deeply affected by land-use types; median STN values ranged from 0.94 to 1.27 g·kg?1, and STN contents decreased in the following order: paddy field > forestland > sloping cropland. No significant difference was found for STN contents between April and August under the same land use. However, NO3-N contents were 23.26, 10.58, and 26.19 mg·kg?1 in April, and 1.34, 8.51, and 3.00 mg·kg?1 in August for the paddy field, sloping cropland and forestland, respectively. Nugget ratios for STN indicated moderate spatial dependence in the paddy field and sloping cropland, and a strong spatial dependence in forestland. The processes of nitrogen movement, transformation, absorption of plant were deeply influenced by land use types; as a result, great changes of soil nitrogen levels at spatial and temporal scales were demonstrated in the studied watershed.  相似文献   

15.
Tillage pedogenesis of purple soils in southwestern China   总被引：5，自引：2，他引：3  
Land cultivation and tillage process, and their consequent impacts on soil erosion, have been criticized as the main cause of degradation of land or soil quality. However, purple soils, classified as Regosols in FAO Taxonomy or Entisols in USDA Taxonomy, are formed from purple rocks of the Trias- Cretaceous system, have been developed or at least accelerated the development due to continual tillage operation, especially digging and ridging. The present study took micromorphological investigation on the sedimentary rocks and the soils under different operations of tillage. Results show that the purple rock of Feixiangguan Formation of the Trias system （Tlf） is the easiest to physical weathering and the most fertile soil material enriched in nutrients, and it has been, therefore, mostly cultivated and intensively tilled around the year. It has the fastest soil formation rate. Soil formation rate in the cropland with conventional tillage is higher than that in the forestiand and the grassland. It implies that the artificial brokenness and tillage disturbance play a great role in physical weathering and initiating soil formation processes.  相似文献   

16.
基于全国1:100万数字地貌数据库,全国2000、2005、2010年土地覆被数据和山西省行政区边界数据,采用土地覆被动态度、转移概率矩阵和地貌面积频度方法,分析了2000-2010年山西省基本地貌形态类型下的土地覆被变化。结果表明：（1）山西省的土地覆被类型以耕地、林地和草地为主,面积总和占省域面积的95%以上。面积变化的总体趋势是耕地和草地缩减,林地和建设用地持续增加。通过分析转移概率矩阵,表明2000-2005年和2005-2010年2个时段内,土地利用的主要转化趋势相似,即林地与草地之间大面积的相互转化,耕地、草地分别与建设用地之间的相互转化。（2）耕地和建设用地的分布,随着起伏度的增大而逐渐减小。林地分布随着起伏度的增加而逐步增大。从面积变化来看,耕地、林地和草地变化主要位于中起伏山地;水域变化主要集中在大起伏山地;建设用地变化主要分布于平原和台地;未利用地变化主要在小起伏山地。从动态度来看,耕地、草地和水域动态度,在大起伏山地地区最大;林地动态度在平原区最大;建设用地的动态度最大位于丘陵;未利用地在小起伏山地地区最大。（3）土地覆被类型之间的主要转化在地貌上也存着差异。平原地区林地的增加主要来自草地转化。台地和丘陵地区3个主要转化类型相似,2000-2005年主要是林地向草地退化,2005-2010年主要是林地和草地的相互转化。在小起伏山地地区,主要是草地和林地之间的相互转化,但草地转化为林地的面积较林地向草地的转化多。中起伏和大起伏山地地区主要以草地和耕地向林地的转化为主,也有较高比例的建设用地转化为林地。封山育林和退耕还林主要是在起伏较大的山地地区,毁林主要发生在地形平缓地区。  相似文献   

17.
Understanding the effects of land cover changes on ecosystem carbon stocks is essential for ecosystem management and environmental protection, particularly in the transboundary region that has undergone marked changes. This study aimed to examine the impacts of land cover changes on ecosystem carbon stocks in the transboundary Tumen River Basin (TTRB). We extracted the spatial information from Landsat Thematic Imager (TM) and Operational Land Imager (OLI) images for the years 1990 and 2015 and obtained convincing estimates of terrestrial biomass and soil carbon stocks with the InVEST model. The results showed that forestland, cropland and built-up land increased by 57.5, 429.7 and 128.9 km2, respectively, while grassland, wetland and barren land declined by 24.9, 548.0 and 43.0 km2, respectively in the TTRB from 1990 to 2015. The total carbon stocks encompassing aboveground, belowground, soil and litter layer carbon storage pools have declined from 831.48 Tg C in 1990 to 831.42 Tg C in 2015 due to land cover changes. In detail, the carbon stocks decreased by 3.13 Tg C and 0.44 Tg C in Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (North Korea) and Russia, respectively, while increased by 3.51 Tg C in China. Furthermore, economic development, and national policy accounted for most land cover changes in the TTRB. Our results imply that effective wetland and forestland protection policies among China, North Korea, and Russia are much needed for protecting the natural resources, promoting local ecosystem services and regional sustainable development in the transnational area.  相似文献   

18.
Analyzing spatiotemporal dynamics of land use and land cover over time is widely recognized as important to better understand and provide solutions for social, economic, and environmental problems, especially in ecologically fragile region. In this paper, a case study was taken in Zhenlai County, which is a part of farming-pastoral ecotone of Northeast China. This study seeks to use multi-temporal satellite images and other data from various sources to analyze spatiotemporal changes from 1932 to 2005, and applied a quantitative methodology named intensity analysis in the time scale of decades at three levels: time interval, category, and transition. The findings of the case study are as follows: 1) the interval level of intensity analysis revealed that the annual rate of overall change was relatively fast in 1932–1954 and 1954–1976 time intervals. 2) The category level showed that arable land experienced less intensively gains and losses if the overall change was to have been distributed uniformly across the landscape while the gains and losses of forest land, grassland, water, settlement, wetland and other unused land were not consistent and stationary across the four time intervals. 3) The transition level illustrated that arable land expanded at the expense of grassland before 2000 while it gained intensively from wetland from 2000 to 2005. Settlement targets arable land and avoids grassland, water, wetland and other unused land. Besides, the loss of grassland was intensively targeted by arable land, forest land and wetland in the study period while the loss of wetland was targeted by water except for the time interval of 1976–2000. 4) During the early reclamation period, land use change of the study area was mainly affected by the policy, institutional and political factors, followed by the natural disasters.  相似文献   

19.
分布广泛的山地丘陵,地形复杂多样,生态环境脆弱,不合理的土地利用方式会造成生态环境的破坏,导致严重的水土流失。分析山地丘陵区土地利用的地形控制机制,对于山地丘陵区土地利用开发与水土保持等生态保护之间权衡提供科学依据而具有重要现实意义。因此,本文以南方山地丘陵分布较广泛的江西省为例,在SRTM数字高程模型(DEM)的支持下,利用中国资源环境数据中心基于Landsat遥感解译的2000年土地利用数据,分析了江西省土地利用结构与高程、坡度和坡向等地形因子的关系。结果表明地形因子是影响江西省土地利用方式的一个重要因素,具体表现在:(1)随着高程和坡度的增加,耕地面积及占土地总面积的比例都呈下降趋势,南坡耕地面积和比例都大于北坡的耕地面积和比例;(2)在低海拔区,林地面积占土地总面积比例随着海拔高程的增加而增加,当海拔高于400米时,基本稳定;(3)居民点和工矿用地受高程和坡度的影响较大,受坡向影响较小;(4)草地的面积随着海拔的增加呈下降趋势,但其面积比随着高程增加呈缓慢增加,受坡度和坡向的影响较小。  相似文献   

20.
The Liupan Mountains is located in the southern Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region of China, which forms an important dividing line between landforms and bio-geographic regions. The populated part of the Liupan Mountains region has suffered tremendous ecological damages over time due to population pressure, excessive demand and inappropriate use of agricultural land resources. In this paper, datasets of land use between 1990 and 2000 were obtained from Landsat TM imagery, and then spatial models were used to characterize landscape conditions. Also, the relationship between the population density and land use/cover change （LUCC） was analyzed. Results indicate that cropland, forestland, and urban areas have increased by 44,186ha, 9001ha and 1550ha, respectively while the grassland area has appreciably decreased by 54,025ha in the study period. The decrease in grassland was most notable. Of the grassland lost, 49.4% was converted into cropland. The largest annual land conversion rate in the study area was less than 2%. These changes are attributed to industrial and agricultural development and population growth. To improve the eco-economic conditions in the study region, population control, urbanization and development of an ecological friendly agriculture were suggested.  相似文献   

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