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1.
This study on the effects of ultrasonic treatment on female gametophytes ofLaminaria japonica showed that:
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1.
Ultrasonic treatment had shortening effect on filaments of female gametophytes. Within certain period of time, the average length of filamentous female gametophytes was shortened.
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2.
Ultrasonic treatment had emptying effect on cells. The number of empty cells increased with time of treatment. Ultrasonic treatment had harmful effect on cells.
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3.
Ultrasonic treatment could break down cell walls. The combination of frequency of 20 kHz, output of 15 W, 40 s and 60 s of treatment was best for this purpose. After ultrasonic treatment, the regeneration of female gametophytes into sporophytes was effected. Female ganetophytes could not recover after too long period of treatment.
2.
Laminaria gametophyte was greatly influenced by light in its growth and development. Using light-emitting diodes (LED) as blue and
red light sources, we analyzed the light effect on gametophytes development ofLaminaria japonica Aresch. The gametophytes were obtained from zoospores collected in April, May, July, 2003 and September, 2004. We found that
the growth of gametophytes was stimulated by increasing intensity of blue light (BL) and red light (RL) illumination, of which
BL was obviously stronger than that of RL. The fertilization of gametophytes depended largely on BL, and only sufficient BL
illumination could take the reproductive effect. In addition, we noticed that there was a significant difference in light
responses for gametophytes developed from zoospore collected in different times. For zoospores released in April, under BL1 (73.90 μmol photons/m·s), the unicellular female gametophytes and multi-cellular male gametophytes produced eggs and sperms
respectively, and further developed towards sporophytes. However, for gametophytes developed in May, July or September, they
became multi-cellular and never formed oogonia or antheridia. It is believed that theLaminaria sporangium maturation stage could affect the gametophytes reaction to BL under laboratory culture conditions. Therefore,
cryptochrome- or phototropin-like BL photoreceptors is probably involved in BL-induced development ofLaminaria gametophytes.
This research was supported by the NSFC (No.40376049) and Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (The Invitation Fellowship
for Research in Japan 2002). 相似文献
3.
The light demands of seaweeds is an interesting and rather complex phenomenon because they depend not only on the species
but also on their different development stages. Even different parts of the same plant sometimes have different light demands.
Light control is an important procedure at large scaleLaminaria nursery stations in China. Technicians and scientists have different viewpoints on the best method to regulate light. A culture
study onLaminaria japonica starting from zoospores to several centimeter sporophytes to find the optimal and critical irradiance ranges for juvenileLaminaria at different development stages added more knowledge on this aspect. Experiment results show gametophytes can not tolerate
irradiance of more than 150 μE m−2s−1 while sporophytes can tolerate more than 519 μE m−2s−1. This big difference starts from the very early stage of 1-to 2-celled sporophytes. The biological basis and mechanism of
this phenomenon need further research.
Contribution No. 1515 from the Institute of Oceanology, Academia Sinica
Contribution No. 1 from the Experimental Marine Biological Laboratory 相似文献
4.
A newly identified bacterial disease of kelp(Saccharina japonica) gametophytes was found in clone cultures.It is characterized by swollen gametophyte cells in the early period of infection followed by filamentous fading.An alginolytic marine bacterium referred to as A-1 was isolated from the diseased gametophytes.On the basis of 16S rDNA sequencing and morphological,physiological and biochemical characteristics,the bacterium was identified as a strain of the genus Alteromonas.By testing Koch’s postulates,Alteromonas sp.A-1 was further confirmed as the pathogen.The infection process was also investigated using both scanning electron and light microscopy. 相似文献
5.
Gametophytes of Laminaria japonica were cryopreserved in liquid nitrogen using encapsulation-dehydration with two-step cooling method. Gametophytes cultured at 10℃ and under continuous irradiance of 30 μmol m-2 s-1 for 3 weeks were encapsulated in calcium alginate beads. The beads were dehydrated in 0.4 molL-1 sucrose prepared with seawater for 6 h, desiccated in an incubator set at 10℃ and 70% relative humidity for 4 h, pre-frozen at either -40℃ or -60℃ for 30 min, and stored in liquid nitrogen for ＞24 h. As high as 43% of survival rate was observed when gametophytes were thawed by placing the beads in 40℃seawater and re-hydrated in 0.05 molL-1 citrate sodium prepared using 30‰ NaC1 7 d later. More cells of male gametophytes survived the whole procedure in comparison with female gametophytes. The cells of gametophytes surviving the preservation were able to grow asexually and produce morphologically normal sporophytes. 相似文献
6.
Unicellular gametophytes ofUndaria pinnatifida (Harv.) Sur. were isolated in Qingdao, P. R. China in April 1993 and in Tokushima, southern Japan in March 1995. Different
intraspecific crossings by using unicellular male and female gametophytes were successfully undertaken in Sept. of 1995 in
Qingdao. Sporophytes were transplanted to two different locations for open sea cultivation. One was at Zhanqiao (ZQ) Bay where
the water current was slower than that of another location—Taipingjiao(TPJ). A total of 218 adult sporophytes were harvested
on January 12 and 18 from TPJ and ZQ respectively. For eacn combination, 10 sporophytes were cultivated. Analysis of the morphological
characteristics of adult sporophytes indicated that the longest length between two bases of the serration of pinnate blades
(W2) is a morphological characteristic that can be transferred from the parent plant to the next generations regardless of
environmental variations. There was evidence that W2 was apparently determined by sex-linked factors, i.e., by male parental
gametophyte. Sporophytes from certain crossing combinations showed more vigorous growth than those from other crossing combinations.
It is therefore possible to select gametophyte strains which can be used as parental gametophytes for the seedling production
of sporophytes with more vigorous growth within shorter cultivation period. The morphology of hybrids from a Qingdao strain
and a Tokushima cultivated strain resembled that of both parental plants in frond features (wrinkled or smooth) and W2. Sporophyll
formation also varied with strains. The fact that adult sporophytes resulting from the same crossing combinations have identical
morphological characteristics under the same environmental conditions indicates the possibility of a new way to select strains
which are expected to be ideal for commerical production by purposely selecting, propagating, and seeding unicellular gametophytes
for sporeling production through freeliving techniques of gametophytes.
Project 39400102 supported by NSFC, also supported by National Climbing Plan B (PD-B642); and Bioengineering Center, SSTC. 相似文献
7.
Fang Jian-guang Sun Hui-ling Yan Jing-ping Kuang Shi-huan Li Feng Gary F. Newkirk Jon Grant 《中国海洋湖沼学报》1996,14(4):322-329
Several polyculture models of scallopChlamys farreri and kelpLaminaria japonica currently employed in Sungo Bay and other parts of northern China are described in this paper. Economic benefits of different
polyculture models are analysed based on the growth rate, culture density and market price. In addition, site selection, critical
environmental conditions and polyculture problems are discussed in detail.
This project was funded by the International Development and Research Centre (IDRC), Canada, and the National Committee of
Science and Technology of China. 相似文献
8.
When cultured under certain environmental conditions (25°C, light intensity 80 μmol/m2·s, LD 12/12, in enriched seawater medium with 7×10−4 mol/L NO3−N, 1.56×10−4 mol/L, PO4−P and supplements of other elements like Mn, Fe, I, etc.), male and female gametophytes ofU. pinnatifida kept growing vegetatively and propagated fast at average daily fresh weight increase rate of about 20%. The empirical formulaG
m=G
o·3m was established to estimate the output of vegetative gametophytes. Vigorous vegetative gametophyte cells began to form reproductive
structures (oogonium and spermatangium, when the temperature was lower than 25°C and other environmental factors were kept
optimal. The sufficient supply of gametophyte cells provided enough seeds for raisingUndaria sporelings on production scale. Controlled cross-breeding experiments using selected male and female gametophyte clones which
increase their cell number by mitosis instead of meiosis were also carried out in vitro. Juvenile sporophytes from the cross-breeding
had almost the same length and width increase rates as those of the control. The fact that vegetative gametophytes can be
purposely selected, propagated quickly, cross-bred, with the resulting sporophytes having almost the same characteristics
leads to a new way to select desiredUndaria strains for long time use without losing the desired economic characteristics.
Contribution No. 2696 from the Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences.
Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China. 相似文献
9.
The amplified fragment length polymorphic DNA (AFLP) technique was adopted to estimate the population genetic polymorphism
among 30 sporophytes of Laminaria japonica collected from a cultivating farm in Rongcheng, China. Three methods were used for genomic DNA extraction from Laminaria japonica sporophyte and only the products obtained using the improved genomic DNA extraction kit method proved qualified for AFLP
analysis. The parameters of the method were optimized. Samples of forty milligrams and the cell lysis time of 120 min were
suggested to replace the parameters recommended by the manufacturer. Thirty individuals of Laminaria japonica from the same cultivating site were investigated using one pair of selective primers. A total of 21 loci were obtained and
17 of them were polymorphic. The mean percent age of polymorphic loci of this population was 80.95%. The Nei’s gene diversity
(H) within this population was 0.3028 and the average Shannon’s Information index (I) was 0.4498. A genetic distance matrix
among different individuals was constructed as well. Through this study, an applicable AFLP genetic analysis working system
for Laminaria japonica sporophyte was established. The results of this research also revealed a high level of genetic diversity within the studied
population. 相似文献
10.
Random amplification of polymorphic DNA (RAPD) was conducted by using 10 random primers (P-1 to P-10) inGracilaria lemaneiformis. Phase and sex specific bands were amplified by primers P-2, P-6, P-7 and P-8: for P-2 a 1.4 kb band was found in female gametophytes and tetrasporophytes, for P-6, a 0.6 kb band appeared in male gametophytes and tetrasporophytes; for P-7, a 0.76 kb band appeared in male gametophytes and tetrasporophytes; for P-7, a 0.72 kb band appeared in female gametophytes and tetrasporophytes; for P-8, a 0.73 kb band only appeared in male gametophytes.
相似文献11.
Possible mediatory roles of heat acclimation and salicylic acid in protecting the sporophyte of marine macroalga Laminaria japonica (Phaeophyceae) from heat stress were studied. Heat stress resulted in oxidative injury in the kelp blades. Under heat stress
significant accumulation of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and malonaldehyde (MDA), a membrane lipid peroxidation product, and a drastic decrease in chlorophyll a content were recorded. Activity of the enzymatic antioxidant system was drastically affected by heat stress. The activity
of superoxide dismutase (SOD) was significantly increased while peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase
(GPX) were greatly inhibited and, simultaneously, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase was activated while polyphenol oxidase (PPO)
was inhibited. Both heat acclimation pretreatment and exogenous application of salicylic acid alleviated oxidative damage
in kelp blades. Blades receiving heat acclimation pretreatment and exogenous salicylic acid prior to heat stress exhibited
a reduced increase in H2O2 and MDA content, and a lower reduction in chlorophyll a content. Pretreatment with heat acclimation and salicylic acid elevated activities of SOD, POD, CAT, GPX and PPO. Considering
these results collectively, we speculate that the inhibition of antioxidant enzymes is a possible cause of the heat-stress-induced
oxidative stress in L. japonica, and enhanced thermotolerance may be associated, at least in part, with the elevated activity of the enzymatic antioxidant
system. 相似文献
12.
Saccharina japonica is a common macroalga in sublittoral communities of cold seawater environments,and consequently may have highly effi cient ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase(Rubisco)activity for carbon assimilation.In our study,we cloned the full-length Rubisco gene from S.japonica(SJ-rbc).It contained an open reading frame for a large subunit gene(SJ-rbcL)of 1 467 bp,a small subunit gene(SJ-rbcS)of 420 bp,and a SJ-rbcL /S intergenic spacer of 269 bp.The deduced peptides of SJ-rbcL and SJ-rbcS were 488 and 139 amino acids with theoretical molecular weights and isoelectric points of 53.97 kDa,5.81 and 15.84 kDa,4.71,respectively.After induction with 1 mmol/L isopropyl-β-Dthiogalactopyranoside for 5 h and purifi cation by Ni 2+ affi nity chromatography,electrophoresis and western blot detection demonstrated successful expression of the 55 kDa SJ-rbcL protein.Real-time quantitative PCR showed that the mRNA levels of SJ-rbcL in gametophytes increased when transferred into normal growth conditions and exhibited diurnal variations: increased expression during the day but suppressed expression at night.This observation implied that Rubisco played a role in normal gametophytic growth and development.In juvenile sporophytes,mRNA levels of SJ-rbcL,carbonic anhydrase,Calvin-BensonBassham cycle-related enzyme,and chloroplast light-harvesting protein were remarkably increased under continuous light irradiance.Similarly,expression of these genes was up-regulated under blue light irradiance at 350 μmol/(m 2·s).Our results indicate that long-term white light and short-term blue light irradiance enhances juvenile sporophytic growth by synergistic effects of various photosynthetic elements. 相似文献
13.
Based on DNA extraction and optimization of random amplified reaction (RAPD) to the gametophytes and sporophytes of Kelp “901”
strain, genetic study on variation was conducted to its parents and offsprings of F6, F7, F8, and F9 generation. RAPD results have shown that among 30 selected primers for gametophytes, 297 loci ranging from 200 to 3 000 bp
were obtained in the average of 9.9 loci for each primer. This indicated a high polymorphic rate with RAPD detection. UPGMA
(unweighted pair-group method arithmetic average) analysis showed that each male and female gametophyte of a generation could
be clustered into one pair separately. The genetic distances of the Kelp 901 generation were 0.3212–0.4767, and the maximum
was between F7 and F8 (0.4767). Identity analysis showed that F6 generation was more close to the female parent (0.6593), and F7 generation was more close to the male parent (0.578 8). To the sporophytes study in 24 selected primers for RAPD amplification,
191 loci ranging from 230–2800 bp were obtained, in the average to each primer of 8.0 loci. The heterozygosity to six populations
were male parent (0.2239), female parent (0.1072), F6 (0.2164), F7(0.2286), F8(0.2296) and F9(0.3172). The nearest genetic distance was 0.083 5(F8, F9). Total heterozygosity (HT) of F6, F7, F8 and F9 generations was 0.3186, the average heterozygosity (HS) for F6, F7, F8 and F9 generations was 0.2480, and deduced coefficient of population differentiation (Gst) was 22.2%. Six sequence characterized amplified regions (SCAR) were preliminary screened through RAPD analysis. It needed
to be verified in detail as they are significant for molecular marker assistance in breeding and selectingLaminaria. 相似文献
14.
A unicellular cyanobacteriumSynechococcus sp. strain PCC 7002 was transformed with plasmid pQL1, on which β-lactamase gene (bla) and β-galactosidase gene (lacZ) were encoded. The transformant cells released β-lactamase into medium by an abrupt drop of osmotic pressure. This result indicates that this cyanobacterium recognizes and processes the signal sequence of β-lactamase, and accumulates the enzyme in periplasm. Repeated release of β-lactamase was possible by repeated osmotic shocks wihout, impairing cell viability. On the other hand, most of the β-galactosidase remained in cytoplasm under the osmotic shock.
相似文献15.
The aim of the study is to examine the influence of the outplanting time on the cultivation of the kelp Laminaria saccharina in the northwestern Spain, close to its southern limit of distribution in the North Atlantic coast. We compared two L. saccharina cultures outplanted in February and December. We found that the starting time of outplanting affects to the yield and the substantiality value, as well as the growth rate. The yield, the substantiality value and the growth rates of L. saccharina sporophytes obtained for the trial outplanted in December were significantly higher than those in February. These results can be mainly explained by the effect of temperature on the growth of L. saccharina sporophytes during cultivation. On the other hand, our results show that even in the southern limit of distribution of L. saccharina, the cultivation of this species was very profitable in high yield and quality. 相似文献
16.
Based on DNA extraction and optimization of random amplified reaction (RAPD) to the gametophytes and sporophytes of Kelp “901”
strain, genetic study on variation was conducted to its parents and offsprings of F6, F7, F8, and F9 generation. RAPD results have shown that among 30 selected primers for gametophytes, 297 loci ranging from 200 to 3 000 bp
were obtained in the average of 9.9 loci for each primer. This indicated a high polymorphic rate with RAPD detection. UPGMA
(unweighted pair-group method arithmetic average) analysis showed that each male and female gametophyte of a generation could
be clustered into one pair separately. The genetic distances of the Kelp 901 generation were 0.3212–0.4767, and the maximum
was between F7 and F8 (0.4767). Identity analysis showed that F6 generation was more close to the female parent (0.6593), and F7 generation was more close to the male parent (0.578 8). To the sporophytes study in 24 selected primers for RAPD amplification,
191 loci ranging from 230–2800 bp were obtained, in the average to each primer of 8.0 loci. The heterozygosity to six populations
were male parent (0.2239), female parent (0.1072), F6 (0.2164), F7(0.2286), F8(0.2296) and F9(0.3172). The nearest genetic distance was 0.083 5(F8, F9). Total heterozygosity (HT) of F6, F7, F8 and F9 generations was 0.3186, the average heterozygosity (HS) for F6, F7, F8 and F9 generations was 0.2480, and deduced coefficient of population differentiation (Gst) was 22.2%. Six sequence characterized amplified regions (SCAR) were preliminary screened through RAPD analysis. It needed
to be verified in detail as they are significant for molecular marker assistance in breeding and selectingLaminaria.
Financially supported by 863 program of China (No.2001AA621090) 相似文献
17.
Electroporation, PEC, PEG plus electroporation and Biolistics methods were tested in gene transformation ofP. yezoensis. The exogenousgus was from plasmid of pBI121 and pCAMBIA1301, both contain the CaMV35S promoter. The receptors included the protoplasts, tissues and free-living conchocelis filaments ofP. yezoensis. Several factors, for example, the voltage, capacitance and bivalent cations, etc., were studied. Results show that these four methods are all efficient for gene transformation inP. yezoensis; and that PEG is the best one, with transformation efficiency of up to 4×10−5. GUS activity was detected 26 days after transformation by using PEG method.
相似文献18.
Bivalves and seaweeds are important cleaners that are widely used in integrated multi-trophic aquaculture (IMTA) systems. A beneficial relationship between seaweed and bivalve in the seaweed-based IMTA system has been confirmed, but the trophic importance of seaweed-derived particulate organic materials to the co-cultured bivalve is still unclear. We evaluated the trophic importance of the kelp Saccharina japonica to the co-cultured scallop Chlamys farreri in a typical IMTA farm in Sungo Bay (Weihai, North China). The dynamics of detritus carbon in the water were monitored during the culturing period. The proportion of kelp-derived organic matter in the diet of the co-cultured scallop was assessed via the stable carbon isotope method. Results showed that the detritus carbon in the water ranged from 75.52 to 265.19 μg/L, which was 25.6% to 73.8% of total particulate organic carbon (TPOC) during the study period. The amount of detritus carbon and its proportion in the TPOC changed throughout the culture cycle of the kelp. Stable carbon isotope analysis showed that the cultured scallop obtained 14.1% to 42.8% of its tissue carbon from the kelp, and that the percentages were closely correlated with the proportion of detritus carbon in the water (F =0.993, P= 0.003). Evaluation showed that for 17 000 tons (wet weight) of annual scallop production, the kelp contributed about 139.3 tons of carbon (535.8 tons of dry mass). This confirms that cultured kelp plays a similar trophic role in IMTA systems as it does in a natural kelp bed. It is a major contributor to the detritus pool and supplies a vital food source to filter-feeding scallops in the IMTA system, especially during winter and early spring when phytoplankton are scarce. 相似文献
19.
During the induction of gamete-producing gametangia, induced gametophytes were collected at 4 days intervals (0,4,8,12 d) and total RNAs were isolated by CsCl gradient ultracentrifugation. Some stage-specific expressed mRNAs were identified by differential display of mRNAs from different developing stages of the gametophytes. The cDNA of one specific mRNA was verified, cloned and sequenced. This gene was specifically expressed during 4 days of induction, and had partial homologous sequence with tobacco IAA-binding protein gene. It suggests that this cDNA may represent a gene which is related to the IAA regulating function during the development of the gametophytes.
相似文献20.
Microsatellites or simple sequence repeats (SSR) function widely and locate dependently in genome. However, their characteristics are often ignored due to the lack of genomic sequences of most species. Kelp (Saccharina japonica), a brown macroalga, is extensively cultured in China. In this study, the genome of S. japonica was surveyed using an Illumina sequencing platform, and its microsatellites were characterized. The preliminarily assembled genome was 469.4 Mb in size, with a scaffold N50 of 20529 bp. Among the 128370 identified microsatellites, 90671, 25726 and 11973 were found in intergenic regions, introns and exons, averaging 339.3, 178.8 and 205.4 microsatellites per Mb, respectively. These microsatellites distributed unevenly in S. japonica genome. Mononucleotide motifs were the most abundant in the genome, while trinucleotide ones were the most prevalent in exons. The microsatellite abundance decreased significantly with the increase of motif repeat numbers, and the microsatellites with a small number of repeats accounted for a higher proportion of the exons than those of the intergenic regions and introns. C/G-rich motifs were more common in exons than in intergenic regions and introns. These characteristics of microsatellites in S. japonica genome may associate with their functions, and ultimately their adaptation and evolution. Among the 120140 pairs of designed microsatellite primers, approximately 75% were predicted to be able to amplify S. japonica DNA. These microsatellite markers will be extremely useful for the genetic breeding and population evolution studies of kelp. 相似文献