共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 375 毫秒
1.
Riccardo Camattari Marco Romagnoni Andrea Mazzolari Gianfranco Paternò Vincenzo Guidi Thomas Buslaps 《Experimental Astronomy》2018,46(2):309-321
In this paper we report progresses in the realization of self-standing bent crystals, which are suitable as optical elements for Laue lenses, i.e. for optic to focus hard X-rays in the 100–1000 keV energy range. The curvature of the crystals is a key factor to enhance diffraction efficiency and energy bandpass for such an optic. In particular, two bent crystals featuring a thickness of 5 mm, made of Si and Ge respectively, were produced at the Sensor and Semiconductor Laboratory in Ferrara, Italy. The crystals were bent through the application of a carbon fibre composite. This proved to be a relatively low cost method for crystal bending, suitable for mass production. The manufactured samples were characterised via optical interferometry, and showed a fairly uniform curvature. Finally, the samples were tested exploiting hard X-ray diffraction at the ID11 facility of the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF) in Grenoble, France. A careful analysis of the experimental data highlighted that the samples feature large energy bandpass, wide geometrical acceptance for incoming hard X-rays, and high diffraction efficiency. We therefore conclude that such self-standing crystals are good candidates as Laue lens components for astrophysics applications. 相似文献
2.
Robert K. Smither Khaliefeh Abu Saleem Dante E. Roa Mark A. Beno Peter Von Ballmoos Gerry K. Skinner 《Experimental Astronomy》2005,20(1-3):201-210
A major goal of the MAX program is to detect and measure gamma rays produced following the nuclear reactions that take place in a supernova explosion. To detect a reasonable number of supernovae, sensitivities of the order of a few times 10-7 γ cm-2sec-1 are needed – much better than possible with current instruments. The approach in the MAX program is to use a crystal diffraction lens to collect photons over a large area and concentrate them on a small well-shielded detector, greatly improving the signal to noise ratio. The crystals need to have both high diffraction efficiency and a relatively broad energy bandwidth. With mosaic crystals there is a trade-off between bandwidth and diffraction efficiency – one can have either high efficiency or large bandwidth, but not both without losing too much intensity through atomic absorption. A recent breakthrough in our understanding of crystal diffraction for high-energy gamma rays has made it possible to develop crystals that have both high diffraction efficiency and a relatively broad energy bandwidth. These crystals have near perfect crystal structure, but the crystalline planes are slightly curved. Such curved planes can be obtained in 3 different ways, by using mixed crystals with a composition gradient, by applying a thermal gradient, and by mechanically bending a near perfect crystal. A series of experiments have been performed on all three types of crystals using high-energy x-ray beams from the Advanced Photon Source at the Argonne National Laboratory. Experiments performed at 3 energies, 93 keV, 123 keV and 153 keV, with both the thermal gradient Si crystals and with the mechanically bent Si crystals, demonstrated that one can achieve diffraction efficiencies approaching 100% with moderate energy bandwidths (ΔE/E = 1.4%) and low atomic absorption (transmission = 0.65), in excellent agreement with theory. The use of this type of diffraction crystal is expected to increase the sensitivity of gamma ray telescopes by a factor of 5 over that possible with normal mosaic crystals. 相似文献
3.
Riccardo Camattari Alessandro Battelli Valerio Bellucci Vincenzo Guidi 《Experimental Astronomy》2014,37(1):1-10
The realization of a Laue lens for astronomical purposes involves the mass production of a series of crystalline tiles as optical components, allowing high-efficiency diffraction and high-resolution focusing of photons. Crystals with self-standing curved diffraction planes is a valid and promising solution. Exploiting the quasi-mosaic effect, it turns out to be possible to diffract radiation at higher resolution. In this paper we present the realization of 150 quasi-mosaic Ge samples, bent by grooving one of their largest surface. We show that grooving method is a viable technique to manufacture such crystals in a simple and very reproducible way, thus compatible with mass production. Realized samples present very homogenous curvature. Furthermore, with a specific chemical etch, it is possible to fine adjust one by one the radius of curvature of the grooved samples. Realized crystals was selected for the ASI’s Laue project, that involves the implementation of a prototype of a Laue lens for hard X- and soft γ-ray astronomy. 相似文献
4.
Robert K. Smither Patricia B. Fernandez Timothy Graber Peter von Ballmoos Juan Naya Francis Albernhe G. Vedrenne Mohamed Faiz 《Experimental Astronomy》1995,6(4):47-56
The basic features of crystal diffraction and their application to the construction of a crystal diffraction lens for focusing energetic gamma rays are described using examples from the work performed at the Argonne National Laboratory. Both on-axis and off-axis performance are discussed. The review includes the use of normal crystals, bent crystals, and crystals with variable crystal-plane spacing to develop both condenser-type lenses and point-to-point imaging lenses. 相似文献
5.
N. Barrière P. von Ballmoos H. Halloin N. Abrosimov J. M. Alvarez K. Andersen P. Bastie S. Boggs P. Courtois T. Courvoisier M. Harris M. Hernanz J. Isern P. Jean J. Knödlseder G. Skinner B. Smither P. Ubertini G. Vedrenne G. Weidenspointner C. Wunderer 《Experimental Astronomy》2005,20(1-3):269-278
The next generation of instrumentation for nuclear astrophysics will have to achieve a factor of 10–100 improvement in sensitivity over present technologies. With the focusing gamma-ray telescope MAX we take up this challenge: combining unprecedented sensitivity with high spectral and angular resolution, and the capability of measuring the polarization of the incident photons. The feasibility of such a crystal diffraction gamma-ray lens has recently been demonstrated with the prototype lens CLAIRE. MAX is a proposed mission which will make use of satellite formation flight to achieve 86 m focal length, with the Laue lens being carried by one satellite and the detector by the other. In the current design, the Laue diffraction lens of MAX will consist of 13740 copper and germanium (Ge1−x
Si
x
, x ∼ 0.02) crystal tiles arranged on 36 concentric rings. It simultaneously focuses in two energy bands, each centred on one of the main scientific objectives of the mission: the 800–900 keV band is dedicated to the study of nuclear gamma-ray lines from type Ia supernovae (e.g. 56 Co decay line at 847 keV) while the 450–530 keV band focuses on electron-positron annihilation (511 keV emission) from the Galactic centre region with the aim of resolving potential point sources. MAX promises a breakthrough in the study of point sources at gamma-ray energies by combining high narrow-line sensitivity (better than 10−6 cm−2 s−1) and high energy resolution (E/dE ∼ 500). The mission has successfully undergone a pre-phase A study with the French Space Agency CNES, and continues to evolve: new diffracting materials such as bent or composite crystals seem very promising.
PACS: 95.55.Ka, 29.30.Kv, 61.10.-i 相似文献
6.
Large single crystals of copper with an uniform and very narrow mosaic spread between 25 seconds and 1 minute of arc are now available at I.L.L. This result is of great interest in the construction of a Laue lens for astrophysical applications for which such quality copper single crystals may be used. The X-ray diffraction properties of copper single crystals produced at I.L.L. were studied for x-ray energies ranging from 100 keV to 400 keV. Several monocrystalline plates with different thicknesses and mosaic distributions were then prepared from the as-grown crystals in order to measure their diffraction efficiency as a function of energy. As expected, the value of the peak reflectivity depends on the crystal thickness. Reflectivity measurements show the excellent properties of copper crystals for gamma-ray diffraction. A peak reflectivity of 24% was measured at 220 keV from a copper single crystal of 3.75 mm thickness having a mosaic spread of 1.5 minutes of arc. Some technical aspects on the preparation of copper single crystal plates are also discussed. 相似文献
7.
J. Hawreliak J. Colvin J. Eggert D. H. Kalantar H. E. Lorenzana S. Pollaine K. Rosolankova B. A. Remington J. Stölken J. S. Wark 《Astrophysics and Space Science》2007,307(1-3):285-289
X-ray diffraction is a widely used technique for measuring the crystal structure of a compressed material. Recently, short
pulse x-ray sources have been used to measure the crystal structure in-situ while a sample is being dynamically loaded. To
reach the ultra high pressures that are unattainable in static experiments at temperatures lower than using shock techniques,
shockless quasi-isentropic compression is required. Shockless compression has been demonstrated as a successful means of accessing
high pressures. The National Ignition Facility (NIF), which will begin doing high pressure material science in 2010, it should
be possible to reach over 2 TPa quasi-isentropically. This paper outlines how x-ray diffraction could be used to study the
crystal structure in laser driven, shocklessly compressed targets the same way it has been used in shock compressed samples.
A simulation of a shockless laser driven iron is used to generate simulated diffraction signals, and recent experimental results
are presented. 相似文献
8.
The Mungindi Iron Nickel Meteorite was investigated by neutron diffraction. All layers of the γ-phase (separated from each other by α-phase bars) form, from the crystallographic point of view, the same, big single crystal. The perfection of this single crystal is very high. In the kamacite phase each individual “single crystal” is broken into a group of crystals. 相似文献
9.
By changing a dimensionless calculation to a dimensional one, introducing a more accurate bremsstrahlung cross section, and using a more reasonable fitting energy range, we have recalculated the hard X-ray bremsstrahlung produced by a beam of power-law electrons with a lower energy cutoff (E
c). The method to deduce E
c from the hard X-ray spectral observations has therefore been refined in comparison with our previous one. The universality of this method has been clarified and discussed. We have applied this improved method to the 54 BATSE/Compton Gamma Ray Observatory (CGRO) hard X-ray events. It was found that about 44% of sample hard X-ray spectra can be directly explained by a beam of power-law electrons with a lower energy cutoff. The value of E
c, varying from 45 keV to 97 keV, is on average 60 keV. Another 44% of sample hard X-ray spectra might be explained by a beam of power-law electrons with the energy cutoff lower than 45 keV, which is however beyond the availability of BATSE/CGRO. Still another 11% sample hard X-ray spectra cannot be explained by a beam of power-law electrons with a lower energy cutoff. These results, based on the lower energy resolution data, however, should be compared in the future with that based on a higher energy resolution data, like the data from HESSI. 相似文献
10.
Abstract Small crystals of an optically uniaxial Ti-bearing calcium aluminosilicate were discovered in a mixer furnace slag consisting mostly of åkermanitic melilite. The crystals have the same unit cell as those observed for a phase crystallized from slowly-cooled melts used to simulate the formation of aluminous inclusions in meteorites. Moreover, compositions of synthetic and meteoritic occurrences of the phase are all very similar and can be expressed in terms of a binary solid solution between the end-members Ca3TiAl2Si3O14 and Ca3Ti(AlTi)(AlSi2)O14. Thus, crystallographic and crystallochemical information obtained from crystals in the mixer furnace slag can be used to constrain the origin of similar crystals found in meteoritic inclusions. We separated crystals from the mixer furnace slag by acid leaching; some were used for EPMA analysis, others were crushed for study by TEM methods or X-ray powder diffraction. Convergent beam electron diffraction shows that the crystals belong to the trigonal (rhombohedral) class and have point group symmetry 3m. X-ray powder diffraction gives the unit cell parameters a = 0.791 ± 0.009 nm, c = 0.492 ± 0.006 nm. The results suggest that the mineral has space group symmetry P3ml or P31m. 相似文献
11.
Satoshi Hinata 《Astrophysics and Space Science》1976,44(2):389-395
A class of pulsar models which provide a stationary beam-plasma system as the source of radiation is considered. Since the beam-plasma system is stable near the pulsar where the coherent curvature radiation damps the longitudinal mode, we consider the beam-plasma system away from the star so that the effects of curvature radiation may be neglected. We find that the total wave energy density may attain a significant fraction of the beam energy density provided that the beam and plasma carry away a comparable amount of energy from the star. It should be noted that the attained high wave energy density is peculiar to a relativistic beam-plasma interaction. 相似文献
12.
Neva A. Fowler‐Gerace Kimberly T. Tait Desmond E. Moser Ivan Barker Bob Y. Tian 《Meteoritics & planetary science》2016,51(6):1125-1135
The mechanism by which olivine grains became embedded within iron‐nickel alloy in pallasite meteorites continues to be a matter of scientific debate. Geochemical and textural observations have failed to fully elucidate the origin and history of the olivine crystals; however, little research attention has been devoted to their crystallographic orientations within the metal matrix. Using electron backscatter diffraction, we have collected crystallographic orientation data for 296 crystals within ～65 cm2 sample surface from Springwater. Though no global crystallographic preferred orientation exists, very low misorientations are observed among [100] axes of olivine crystals within specific texturally defined domains. Combined with a thorough characterization of large‐scale Springwater textures, the definitively nonrandom spatial distribution of olivine orientations provides clues regarding the nature of the olivine's initial formation environment as well as the sequence of events subsequent to metal incorporation. 相似文献
13.
The POLAR 5 sounding rocket, launched from Andøya, Norway, on February 1, 1976, was of the “mother-daughter” configuration.A rocket-borne electron accelerator, mounted on the “daughter,” produced a pulsed electron beam with a maximum current of 130 mA and electron energies up to 10 kev.Using a photometer the luminescence at 391.4nm produced by electrons colliding with ambient nitrogen molecules was studied. The observed light at 391.4 nm consisted of low background, with occasional flashes due to the natural auroral excitations, and intense sparkles when the electron beam was emitted.Below 130 km the light observed during beam injection can be explained by excitations of ambient N2 due to high energy beam electrons.In the altitude range from 150 km to apogee at 220 km, the observed light level during beam emission is fairly constant and much larger than that produced by the high energy beam electrons. A possible source of this light is the excitation of ambient N2 by an enhanced population of low energy electrons, created by the presence of a beam plasma discharge in the vicinity of the “daughter” payload. 相似文献
14.
Beyond the present technologies, Laue diffraction lenses are very promising tools in the field of gamma-ray astrophysics. The theoretical concepts of this kind of instruments are based on the Laue diffraction in crystals, discovered almost 100 years ago. Though they are commonly used in crystallography, their application to γ-ray focusing in astrophysics requires some specific developments, e.g. in terms of energy and imaging responses. The present article describes the physics of X-ray diffraction in crystals. In the context of the Darwin model of mosaic crystals, some peculiar aspects, relevant to the astrophysical observation, are discussed. The evaluation and optimization of diffraction efficiency are discussed, especially with rigards to the crystal’s mosaicity and thickness, its spatial extent and deviations to the “ideally imperfect” Darwin model.
PACS 95.55.Ka, 61.50.Ah, 61.10.−i, 41.50.+h 相似文献
15.
Cryogenic detectors have a long history of success in the field of rare event searches. In particular scintillating calorimeters are very suitable detectors for this task since two signals are induced by a particle interaction in a scintillating crystal. The thermal signal provides a precise measurement of the deposited energy while the simultaneously measured scintillation light signal yields particle discrimination as the amount of produced scintillation light depends on the nature of the interacting particle. We investigate the calorimetric properties and background rejection capabilities of two large CsI (undoped) crystals (∼122 g each) operated as scintillating calorimeters at milli-Kelvin temperatures. Furthermore, we discuss the feasibility of this detection approach towards a future background-free dark matter experiment based on alkali halide crystals, with active particle discrimination via the two-channel detection. 相似文献
16.
无缝光谱巡天是如今国际天文学研究的重点方向, 相比较地基巡天任务, 空间巡天可获取更多紫外波段与红外波段的光谱信息, 其发展受到色散元件的制约, 针对紫外波段的核心色散元件---紫外透射闪耀光栅开展了一系列研究. 通过全息干涉光刻产生图形, 离子束垂直刻蚀将图形转移至基底形成光栅掩模, 利用光栅掩模对倾斜离子束的遮挡作用, 使得槽底不同部位受到离子束的轰击通量不同, 从而获得非对称的槽形结构. 实验分析了倾斜离子束刻蚀中沉积物的主要组成以及对槽形和闪耀角度的影响, 并在去除沉积物影响的情况下, 成功制作了线密度为333lines/mm, 闪耀角度分别为13.2°、10.5°的紫外透射闪耀光栅, 峰值衍射效率分别可达理论值的88%以及92%, 为制作高衍射效率紫外透射闪耀光栅奠定了基础. 相似文献
17.
We show that in the framework of R2 gravity and in the linearized approach it is possible to obtain spherically symmetric stationary states that can be used as a model for galaxies. Such approach could represent a solution to the Dark Matter Problem. In fact, in the model, the Ricci curvature generates a high energy term that can in principle be identified as the dark matter field making up the galaxy. The model can also help to have a better understanding on the theoretical basis of Einstein-Vlasov systems. Specifically, we discuss, in the linearized R2 gravity, the solutions of a Klein-Gordon equation for the spacetime curvature. Such solutions describe high energy scalarons, a field that in the context of galactic dynamics can be interpreted like the no-light-emitting galactic component. That is, these particles can be figured out like wave-packets showing stationary solutions in the Einstein-Vlasov system. In such approximation, the energy of the particles can be thought of as the galactic dark matter component that guarantees the galaxy equilibrium. Thus, because of the high energy of such particles the coupling constant of the R2-term in the gravitational action comes to be very small with respect to the linear term R. In this way, the deviation from standard General Relativity is very weak, and in principle the theory could pass the Solar System tests. As pertinent to the issue under analysis in this paper, we present an analysis on the gravitational lensing phenomena within this framework.Although the main goal of this paper is to give a potential solution to the Dark Matter Problem within galaxies, we add a section where we show that an important property of the Bullet Cluster can in principle be explained in the scenario introduced in this work.To the end, we discuss the generic prospective to give rise to the Dark Matter component of most galaxies within extended gravity. 相似文献
18.
Niels Lund 《Experimental Astronomy》1992,2(5):259-273
A study is presented on the feasibility of using Bragg diffraction from crystals to focus soft gamma-rays in the energy range up to 2 MeV. For astrophysics this band contains several very interesting gamma-ray lines from novae, supernovae and X- and gamma-ray transients.The study concludes that, in the energy range between 300 and 1300 keV, a Bragg-telescope with a focal length of about 50 meters could achieve a sensitivity for point sources which is between 5 and 10 times better than that currently expected for the ESA/NASA INTEGRAL-mission/1/. In addition, the angular resolution of the Bragg telescope would also be an order of magnitude better. Despite the large physical dimensions of the telescope, its feasibility does not seem out of reach. The requirements do not go appreciably beyond those of other scientific projects which have been studied and found technically feasible by ESA and NASA /2, 3/. The Bragg-telescope therefore may become the logical next step in soft gamma-ray astronomy following a sensitive survey project like INTEGRAL. 相似文献
19.
SEM photographs were taken of euhedral olivine grains from the Murchison C2 chondrite and several terrestrial and lunar occurrences. In general, the crystal faces of the meteorite grains are rough and uneven, with irregular growth patterns. They are very similar to crystal faces on terrestrial olivine grains that formed by sublimation from a vapor phase. They are very different from the relatively smooth and featureless surfaces of magmatic olivine crystals that precipitated from igneous melts. Qualitatively, the surface morphology of the crystal supports the contention that many euhedral crystals of olivine in C2 meteorites condensed from a gas phase. 相似文献
20.
正确测定望远镜光能集中度的方法苏定强（中国科学院南京天文仪器研制中心，南京２１００４２）主题词天文光学－望远镜－光学检验天文望远镜广泛采用的象质判据是光能集中度，即一定比例的光能量集中在多大的圆中。例如，七十年代的优秀望远镜光能集中度的标准是８０％的... 相似文献