共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 15 毫秒
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C. J. Davis P. Scholz P. Lucas M. D. Smith A. Adamson 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2008,387(3):954-968
We discuss wide-field near-infrared (near-IR) imaging of the NGC 1333, L1448, L1455 and B1 star-forming regions in Perseus. The observations have been extracted from a much larger narrow-band imaging survey of the Taurus–Auriga–Perseus complex. These H2 2.122-μm observations are complemented by broad-band K imaging, mid-IR imaging and photometry from the Spitzer Space Telescope , and published submillimetre CO J = 3–2 maps of high-velocity molecular outflows. We detect and label 85 H2 features and associate these with 26 molecular outflows. Three are parsec-scale flows, with a mean flow lobe length exceeding 11.5 arcmin. 37 (44 per cent) of the detected H2 features are associated with a known Herbig–Haro object, while 72 (46 per cent) of catalogued HH objects are detected in H2 emission. Embedded Spitzer sources are identified for all but two of the 26 molecular outflows. These candidate outflow sources all have high near-to-mid-IR spectral indices (mean value of α∼ 1.4 ) as well as red IRAC 3.6–4.5 μm and IRAC/MIPS 4.5–24.0 μm colours: 80 per cent have [3.6]–[4.5] > 1.0 and [4.5]–[24] > 1.5. These criteria – high α and red [4.5]–[24] and [3.6]–[4.5] colours – are powerful discriminants when searching for molecular outflow sources. However, we find no correlation between α and flow length or opening angle, and the outflows appear randomly orientated in each region. The more massive clouds are associated with a greater number of outflows, which suggests that the star formation efficiency is roughly the same in each region. 相似文献
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Christopher J. Davis Michael D. Smith Jochen Eislöffel John K. Davies 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》1999,308(2):539-550
We present a comprehensive near-infrared study of two molecular bow shocks in two protostellar outflows, HH 99 in R Coronae Australis and VLA 1623A (HH 313) in Rho Ophiuchi. New, high-resolution, narrow-band images reveal the well-defined bow shock morphologies of both sources. These are compared with two-dimensional MHD modelling of molecular bows from which we infer flow inclination angles, shock speeds and the magnetic field in the pre-shock gas in each system. With combined echelle spectroscopy and low-resolution K -band spectra we further examine the kinematics and excitation of each source. Bow shock models are used to interpret excitation (CDR) diagrams and estimate the extinction and, in the case of VLA 1623, the ortho–para ratio associated with the observed H2 population. For the first time, morphology, excitation and kinematics are fitted with a single bow shock model.
Specifically, we find that HH 99 is best fitted by a C-type bow shock model (although a J-type cap is probably responsible for the [Fe ii ] emission). The bow is flowing away from the observer (at an angle to the line of sight of ∼45°) at a speed of roughly 100 km s−1 . VLA 1623A is interpreted in terms of a C-type bow moving towards the observer (at an angle to the line of sight of ∼75°) at a speed of ∼80 km s−1 . The magnetic field associated with HH 99 is thought to be orientated parallel to the flow axis; in VLA 1623A the field is probably oblique to the flow axis, since this source is clearly asymmetric in our H2 images. 相似文献
Specifically, we find that HH 99 is best fitted by a C-type bow shock model (although a J-type cap is probably responsible for the [Fe ii ] emission). The bow is flowing away from the observer (at an angle to the line of sight of ∼45°) at a speed of roughly 100 km s
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Stephen P. Todd Suzanne K. Ramsay Howat 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2006,367(1):238-246
The results of B -band CCD imaging linear polarimetry obtained for stars from the Hipparcos catalogue are used to re-examine the distribution of the local interstellar medium towards the IRAS 100-μm emission void in the Lupus dark clouds. The analysis of the obtained parallax–polarization diagram assigns to the dark cloud Lupus 1 a distance between 130 and 150 pc and assures the existence of a low column density region coincident with the observed infrared void. Moreover, there are clear indications of the existence of absorbing material at distances closer than 60–100 pc, which may be associated with the interface boundary between the Local Bubble and its neighbourhood Loop I superbubble. 相似文献
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Bence Padman Isaak Wiedner & Wright 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》1998,299(4):965-976
Our new 21-arcsec resolution CO J = 2 → 1 map of the L 43 dark cloud shows a poorly collimated molecular outflow, with little evidence for wings at velocities 10 km s−1 . The outflow appears not to be currently driven by a jet: its structure can instead be modelled as a slowly expanding shell. The shell may be compressed either by a wide-angled wind catching up with an existing shell (as in the case of planetary nebulæ), or by the thermal pressure of a hot low-emissivity medium interior to the shell. The outflow is most probably in a late stage of evolution, and appears to be in the process of blowing away its molecular cloud. We also present a 45-arcsec resolution CO J = 1 → 0 map of the whole molecular cloud, showing that the outflow structure is clearly visible even in the integrated intensity of this low excitation line, and suggesting that rapid mapping may prove useful as a way of finding regions of outflow activity. We also examine the immediate surroundings of the driving source with 450 μm imaging: this confirms that the outflow has already evacuated a bay in the vicinity of the young stellar object. 相似文献
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We report the discovery of high-velocity dense gas from a bipolar outflow source near NGC 2068 in the L1630 giant molecular cloud. CO and HCO+ J =3→2 line wings have a bipolar distribution in the vicinity of LBS 17-H with the flow orientated roughly east–west and perpendicular to the elongation of the submillimetre dust continuum emission. The flow is compact (total extent ∼0.2 pc) and contains of the order of 0.1 M⊙ of swept-up gas. The high-velocity HCO+ emission is distributed over a somewhat smaller area <0.1 pc in extent.
A map of C18 O J =2→1 emission traces the LBS 17 core and follows the ambient HCO+ emission reasonably well, with the exception of the direction towards LBS 17-H where there is a significant anticorrelation between the C18 O and HCO+ . A comparison of beam-matched C18 O and dust-derived H2 column densities suggests that CO is depleted by up to a factor of ∼50 at this position if the temperature is as low as 9 K, although the difference is substantially reduced if the temperature is as high as 20 K. Chemical models of collapsing clouds can account for this discrepancy in terms of different rates of depletion on to dust grains for CO and HCO+ .
LBS 17-H has a previously known water maser coincident with it but there are no known near-infrared, IRAS or radio continuum sources associated with this object, leading to the conclusion that it is probably very young. A greybody fit to the continuum data gives a luminosity of only 1.7 L⊙ and a submillimetre-to-bolometric luminosity ratio of 0.1, comfortably satisfying the criteria for classification as a class 0 protostar candidate. 相似文献
A map of C
LBS 17-H has a previously known water maser coincident with it but there are no known near-infrared, IRAS or radio continuum sources associated with this object, leading to the conclusion that it is probably very young. A greybody fit to the continuum data gives a luminosity of only 1.7 L
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Flavio Scappini Cesare Cecchi-Pestellini Claudio Codella Alexander Dalgarno 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2000,317(1):L6-L10
HCO+ has been detected for the first time towards the star Cygnus OB2 No. 12 through emission of the 1–0 rotational transition at 89 GHz. The CO( J =2−1) transition has also been observed. The observations are consistent with a model of dense regions embedded in a low-density clump gas. If actually present, the dense component would have an aggregate size L 1300 au, in agreement with estimates of small-scale density fluctuations observed along diffuse lines of sight. 相似文献
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D. R. Flower G. Pineau des Forêts 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》1999,308(1):271-280
We have computed the time dependence of the H2 rovibrational emission spectrum from molecular outflows. This emission arises in shock waves generated by the impact of jets, associated with low-mass star formation, on molecular gas. The shocks are unlikely to have attained a state of equilibrium, and so their structure will exhibit both C- and J-type characteristics. The rotational excitation diagram is found to provide a measure of the age of the shock; in the case of the outflow observed in Cepheus A West by the ISO satellite, the shock age is found to be approximately 1.5×103 yr. Emission by other species, such as NH3 and SiO, is also considered, as are the intensities of the fine-structure transitions of atoms and ions. 相似文献
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Emily I. Curtis John S. Richer Jane V. Buckle 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2010,401(1):455-472
We present submillimetre observations of the J = 3 → 2 rotational transition of 12 CO, 13 CO and C18 O across over 600 arcmin2 of the Perseus molecular cloud, undertaken with the Heterodyne Array Receiver Programme (HARP), a new array spectrograph on the James Clerk Maxwell Telescope. The data encompass four regions of the cloud, containing the largest clusters of dust continuum condensations: NGC 1333, IC348, L1448 and L1455. A new procedure to remove striping artefacts from the raw HARP data is introduced. We compare the maps to those of the dust continuum emission mapped with the Submillimetre Common-User Bolometer Array (SCUBA; Hatchell et al.) and the positions of starless and protostellar cores (Hatchell et al.). No straightforward correlation is found between the masses of each region derived from the HARP CO and SCUBA data, underlining the care that must be exercised when comparing masses of the same object derived from different tracers. From the 13 CO/C18 O line ratio the relative abundance of the two species ([13 CO]/[C18 O]∼ 7) and their opacities (typically τ is 0.02–0.22 and 0.15–1.52 for the C18 O and 13 CO gas, respectively) are calculated. C18 O is optically thin nearly everywhere, increasing in opacity towards star-forming cores but not beyond τ18 ∼ 0.9 . Assuming the 12 CO gas is optically thick, we compute its excitation temperature, T ex (around 8–30 K), which has little correlation with estimates of the dust temperature. 相似文献
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N. E. Jessop D. Ward-Thompson 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2001,323(4):1025-1034
We present C18 O observations of the pre-stellar core L1689B, in the J =3→2 and 2→1 rotational transitions, taken at the James Clerk Maxwell Telescope in Hawaii. We use a λ -iteration radiative transfer code to model the data. We adopt a similar form of radial density profile to that which we have found in all pre-stellar cores, with a 'flat' inner profile, steepening towards the edge, but we make the gradient of the 'flat' region a free parameter. We find that the core is close to virial equilibrium, but there is tentative evidence for core contraction. We allow the temperature to vary with a power-law form and find that we can consistently fit all of the CO data with an inverse temperature gradient that is warmer at the edge than at the centre. However, when we combine the CO data with the previously published millimetre data we fail to find a simultaneous fit to both data sets without additionally allowing the CO abundance to decrease towards the centre. This effect has been observed qualitatively many times before, as the CO freezes out on to the dust grains at high densities, but we quantify the effect. Hence we show that the combination of millimetre/submillimetre continuum and spectral line data is a very powerful method of constraining the physical parameters of cores on the verge of forming stars. 相似文献
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J. M. C. Rawlings S. D. Taylor D. A. Williams 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2000,313(3):461-468
Anomalous molecular line profile shapes are the strongest indicators of the presence of the infall of gas that is associated with star formation. Such profiles are seen for well-known tracers, such as HCO+ , CS and H2 CO. In certain cases, optically thick emission lines with appropriate excitation criteria may possess the asymmetric double-peaked profiles that are characteristic of infall. However, recent interpretations of the HCO+ infall profile observed towards the protostellar infall candidate B335 have revealed a significant discrepancy between the inferred overall column density of the molecule and that which is predicted by standard dark cloud chemical modelling.
This paper presents a model for the source of the HCO+ emission excess. Observations have shown that, in low-mass star-forming regions, the collapse process is invariably accompanied by the presence of collimated outflows; we therefore propose the presence of an interface region around the outflow in which the chemistry is enriched by the action of jets. This hypothesis suggests that the line profiles of HCO+ , as well as other molecular species, may require a more complex interpretation than can be provided by simple, chemically quiescent, spherically symmetric infall models.
The enhancement of HCO+ depends primarily on the presence of a shock-generated radiation field in the interface. Plausible estimates of the radiation intensity imply molecular abundances that are consistent with those observed. Further, high-resolution observations of an infall-outflow source show HCO+ emission morphology that is consistent with that predicted by this model. 相似文献
This paper presents a model for the source of the HCO
The enhancement of HCO
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We present new spectral (FPI and long‐slit) data on the Eastern optical filament of the well known radionebula W50 associated with SS433. We find that on sub‐parsec scales different emission lines are emitted by different regions with evidently different physical conditions. Kinematical properties of the ionized gas show evidence for moderately high (V ∼ 100 km s–1) supersonic motions. [O III]λ 5007 emission is found to be multi‐component and differs from lowerexcitation [S II]λ 6717 line both in spatial and kinematical properties. Indirect evidence for very low characteristic densities of the gas (n ∼ 0.1 cm–3) is found. We propose radiative (possibly incomplete) shock waves in low‐density, moderately high metallicity gas as the most probable candidate for the power source of the optical filament. Apparent nitrogen overabundance is better understood if the location of W50 in the Galaxy is taken into account (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim) 相似文献
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C. J. Davis H. E. Matthews T. P. Ray W. R. F. Dent J. S. Richer 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》1999,309(1):141-152
Wide-field mapping of Serpens in submillimetre continuum emission and CO J =2–1 line emission is here complemented by optical imaging in [S ii ] λλ 6716, 6731 line emission. Analysis of the 450- and 850-μm continuum data shows at least 10 separate sources, along with fainter diffuse background emission and filaments extending to the south and east of the core. These filaments describe 'cavity-like' structures that may have been shaped by the numerous outflows in the region. The dust opacity index, β , derived for the identifiable compact sources is of the order of 1.0±0.2, with dust temperatures in excess of 20 K. This value of β is somewhat lower than for typical class I YSOs; we suggest that the Serpens sources may be 'warm', late class 0 or early class I objects.
With the combined CO and optical data we also examine, on large scales, the outflows driven by the embedded sources in Serpens. In addition to a number of new Herbig–Haro flows (here denoted HH 455–460), a number of high-velocity CO lobes are observed; these extend radially outwards from the cluster of submillimetre sources in the core. A close association between the optical and molecular flows is also identified. The data suggest that many of the submillimetre sources power outflows. Collectively, the outflows traced in CO support the widely recognized correlation between source bolometric luminosity and outflow power, and imply a dynamical age for the whole protostellar cluster of ∼3×104 yr. Notably, this is roughly equal to the proposed duration of the 'class 0' stage in protostellar evolution. 相似文献
With the combined CO and optical data we also examine, on large scales, the outflows driven by the embedded sources in Serpens. In addition to a number of new Herbig–Haro flows (here denoted HH 455–460), a number of high-velocity CO lobes are observed; these extend radially outwards from the cluster of submillimetre sources in the core. A close association between the optical and molecular flows is also identified. The data suggest that many of the submillimetre sources power outflows. Collectively, the outflows traced in CO support the widely recognized correlation between source bolometric luminosity and outflow power, and imply a dynamical age for the whole protostellar cluster of ∼3×10
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M. P.Redman J.Meaburn A. J.Holloway 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2002,332(3):754-758
The narrow optical filaments ('strings' or 'spikes') emerging from the Homunculus of η Carinae are modelled as resulting from the passage of ballistic 'bullets' of material through the dense circumstellar environment. In this explanation, the string is the decelerating flow of ablated gas from the bullet. An archive Hubble Space Telescope image and new forbidden-line profiles of the most distinct of the strings are presented and discussed in terms of this simple model. 相似文献
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