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1.
We present optical identifications for a sample of 20 previously unknown X-ray/radio sources that are present both in the source catalogue of ROSAT PSPC pointed observations ( ROSAT SRC) and in the NRAO VLA Sky Survey (NVSS). The optical spectroscopy was carried out with the 2.1-m telescope at San Pedro Martir (Mexico) during 1995 April and September. We have identified 15 active galactic nuclei [including 12 broad-emission-line (FWHM >1000 km s−1) objects, one bona fide BL Lac, one BL Lac candidate and one narrow-line (FWHM < 1000 km s−1) radio galaxy] and five radio galaxies. We derive the X-ray fluxes and luminosities by analysing the PSPC exposures, and show the radio morphology from the NVSS maps.  We find that the correlation between the monochromatic X-ray luminosity at 2 keV and the core radio luminosity at 5 GHz for the radio galaxies in our sample follows that found for the 3CR radio galaxies, suggesting a possible nuclear origin for the X-ray emission in these sources. This correlation is weaker in the case of broad-line objects, indicating the presence of another (unbeamed) mechanism for the X-ray emission only weakly related to the radio emission.  相似文献   

2.
I use ASCA data to investigate the 2–10 keV X-ray emission of active galactic nuclei (AGN) taken from the ROSAT International X-ray Optical Survey (RIXOS). I find that the integrated spectrum of these faint, soft X-ray-selected AGN in the 2–10 keV band is harder (best-fitting α = 0.8 ± 0.1) than the slope measured with ROSAT between 0.1 and 2 keV, but softer than the 2–10 keV X-ray background, and consistent with the average 2–10 keV spectrum of bright, nearby Seyfert galaxies. With this spectral slope and using measurements of the AGN contribution to the 1–2 keV X-ray background, I estimate that the AGN percentage contribution to the 2–10 keV background is 0.60 +0.19−0.14 times the AGN percentage contribution to the 1–2 keV background. Hence AGN produce between 12 and 32 per cent of the 2–10 keV X-ray background. This is only the contribution from the types of AGN which are found in soft X-ray surveys; a population of absorbed AGN could represent an additional component of the 2–10 keV X-ray background.  相似文献   

3.
Hard X-ray selection is the most efficient way to discriminate between accretion-powered sources, such as active galactic nuclei (AGN), and sources dominated by starlight. Hard X-rays are also less affected than other bands by obscuration. We have therefore carried out the BeppoSAX High Energy Large Area Survey (HELLAS) in the largely unexplored 5–10 keV band, finding 180 sources in ∼50 deg2 of sky with flux≳5×10−14 erg cm−2 s−1. After correction for the non-uniform sky coverage this corresponds to resolving about 30 per cent of the hard cosmic X-ray background (XRB). Here we report on a first optical spectroscopic identification campaign, finding 12 AGN out of 14 X-ray error boxes studied. Seven AGN show evidence for obscuration in X-ray and optical bands, a fraction higher than in previous ROSAT or ASCA – ROSAT surveys (at 95–99 and 90 per cent confidence levels respectively), thus supporting the scenario in which a significant fraction of the XRB is created by obscured AGN.  相似文献   

4.
The ROSAT Bright Survey (RBS) aims to completely optically identify the more than 2000 brightest sources detected in the ROSAT all-sky survey at galactic latitudes |b| > 30° (excluding LMC, SMC, Virgo cluster). This paper presents a subsample of 66 bright point-like ROSAT survey sources with almost hard PSPC spectra, the hardness ratio HR1 is > 0.5 for most of the sources. Teh subsample could be nearly completely identified by low-resolution optical spectroscopy with the following breakdown into object classes: 31 Seyfert galaxies, 22 BL Lac candidates, 5 clusters of galaxies, 1 cataclysmic variable, and 5 bright stars. Only one object remained unidentified and one X-ray source was a spurious detection. The redshift distrbution peaks around 0.06 for the Seyferts and around 0.13 for the BL Lac candidates. Observations with medium spectral resolution were obtained for most of the new Seyfert galaxies. A large fraction (20 objects) are type 1 Seyfert galaxies, the other fraction includes Seyfert galaxies of type 1.5 – 1.8 (5 objects), two LINERs, and 4 possible narrow-line Seyfert 1 galaxies (NLS1). About one third of the new Seyfert's have nearby companion galaxies displaying either emission or absorption lines at the same redshift. Among them are a couple of systems showing direct morphological evidence for interaction. The large fraction of interacting galaxies among our sample suggests a scenario where interaction is the main trigger of AGN activity.  相似文献   

5.
We present optical spectra and near-infrared imaging of a sample of 31 serendipitous X-ray sources detected in the field of Chandra observations of the A 2390 cluster of galaxies. The sources have  0.5–7 keV  fluxes of  (0.6–8)×10-14 erg cm-2 s-1  and lie around the break in the  2–10 keV  source counts. They are therefore typical of sources dominating the X-ray Background in that band. 12 of the 15 targets for which we have optical spectra show emission lines at a range of line luminosities, and half of these show broad lines. These active galaxies and quasars have soft X-ray spectra. Including photometric redshifts and published spectra, we have redshifts for 17 of the sources, ranging from   z ∼0.2  up to   z ∼3  , with a peak between   z =1–2  . 10 of our sources have hard X-ray spectra indicating a spectral slope flatter than that of a typical unabsorbed quasar. Two hard sources that are gravitationally lensed by the foreground cluster are obscured quasars, with intrinsic  2–10 keV  luminosities of  (0.2–3)×1045 erg s-1  , and absorbing columns of   N H>1023 cm-2  . Both of these sources were detected in the mid-infrared by ISOCAM on the Infrared Space Observatory , which when combined with radiative transfer modelling leads to the prediction that the bulk of the reprocessed flux emerges at ∼100 μm.  相似文献   

6.
We use ROSAT HRI spatial data and ASCA spectral measurements for a sample of seven nearby, early-type spiral galaxies, to address the question of whether a low-luminosity active galactic nucleus (LLAGN) is present in galaxies that have a LINER 2 classification. The brightest discrete X-ray source in the ROSAT HRI observations is invariably found to be positionally coincident with the optical galactic nucleus, and in most cases its flux dominates the X-ray emission from the central region of the galaxy. All seven galaxies have X-ray spectra consistent with a two-component, soft thermal plus hard power-law, spectral form. If we exclude the two galaxies with relatively hard X-ray spectra, NGC 3628 and NGC 4594, for which there is supporting evidence for a LLAGN (or alternatively in the case of NGC 3628 a dominant ultraluminous X-ray binary), then the remaining galaxies show surprisingly similar X-ray spectral properties. Specifically the flux ratio F X(0.5–1)/ F X(2–5) , which measures the relative strengths of the thermal and non-thermal emission components, shows little scatter about a mean of 0.66, a value very similar to that measured in the classic starburst galaxy NGC 253. As there is no obvious reason why the luminosity of the hard power-law continuum emanating from a putative LLAGN should be very closely correlated with the thermal emission of the surrounding region, this suggests that that the broad-band (0.5–5 keV) X-ray emission from these LINER 2 galaxies may originate in a common set of processes probably associated with the starburst phenomenon. Conversely, it appears that in many LINER 2 galaxies and perhaps the majority, the nuclear X-ray luminosity does not derive directly from the presence of a LLAGN.  相似文献   

7.
We report the detection of hard X-ray emission components in the spectra of six nearby, giant elliptical galaxies observed with the ASCA satellite. The systems studied, which exhibit strong dynamical evidence for supermassive black holes in their nuclei, are M87, NGC 1399 and NGC 4696 (the dominant galaxies of the Virgo, Fornax and Centaurus clusters, respectively) and NGC 4472, 4636 and 4649 (three further giant ellipticals in the Virgo cluster). The ASCA data for all six sources provide clear evidence for hard emission components, which can be parametrized by power-law models with photon indices in the range Γ=0.6–1.5 (mean value 1.2) and intrinsic 1–10 keV luminosities of 2×1040–2×1042 erg s−1. Our results imply the identification of a new class of accreting X-ray source, with X-ray spectra significantly harder than those of binary X-ray sources, Seyfert nuclei or low-luminosity active galactic nuclei, and bolometric luminosities relatively dominated by their X-ray emission. We discuss various possible origins for the hard X-ray emission and argue that it is most likely to be due to accretion on to the central supermassive black holes, via low radiative efficiency accretion flows coupled with strong outflows. In the case of M87, our detected power-law flux is in good agreement with a previously reported measurement from ROSAT High Resolution Imager observations, which were able to resolve the jet from the nuclear X-ray emission components. We confirm previous results showing that the use of multiphase models in the analysis of the ASCA data leads to determinations of approximately solar emission-weighted metallicities for the X-ray gas in the galaxies. We also present results on the individual element abundances in NGC 4636.  相似文献   

8.
We present a catalogue of 147 serendipitous X-ray sources selected to have hard spectra ( α <0.5) from a survey of 188 ROSAT fields. Such sources must be the dominant contributors to the X-ray background at faint fluxes. We have used Monte Carlo simulations to verify that our technique is very efficient at selecting hard sources: the survey has 10 times as much effective area for hard sources as it has for soft sources above a 0.5–2 keV flux level of 10−14 erg cm−2 s−1. The distribution of best-fitting spectral slopes of the hard sources suggests that a typical ROSAT hard source in our survey has a spectral slope α ∼0. The hard sources have a steep number flux relation (d N /d S ∝ S − γ with a best-fitting value of γ =2.72±0.12) and make up about 15 per cent of all 0.5–2 keV sources with S >10−14 erg cm−2 s−1. If their N ( S ) continues to fainter fluxes, the hard sources will comprise ∼40 per cent of sources with 5×10−15< S <10−14 erg cm−2 s−1. The population of hard sources can therefore account for the harder average spectra of ROSAT sources with S <10−14 erg cm−2 s−1. They probably make a strong contribution to the X-ray background at faint fluxes and could be the solution to the X-ray background spectral paradox.  相似文献   

9.
We present Chandra and XMM–Newton observations of 12 bright  [ f (2–10 keV) > 10−13 erg cm−2 s−1]  sources from the ASCA search for the High Energy Extragalactic Population (SHEEP) survey. Most of these have been either not observed or not detected previously with the ROSAT mission, and therefore they constitute a sample biased towards hard sources. The Chandra observations are important in locating the optical counterpart of the X-ray sources with accuracy. Optical spectroscopic observations show that our sample is associated with both narrow-line (NL) (six objects) and broad-line (BL) active galactic nuclei (AGN) (five objects), with one source remaining unidentified. Our sources cover the redshift range 0.04–1.29, spanning luminosities from 1042 to  1045 erg s−1  (2–10 keV). The NL sources have preferentially lower redshift (and luminosity) compared to the BL ones. This can be most easily explained in a model where the NL AGN are intrinsically less luminous than the BL ones in line with the results of Steffen et al. The X-ray spectral fittings show a roughly equal number of obscured  ( N H > 1022 cm−2)  and unobscured  ( N H < 1022 cm−2)  sources. There is a clear tendency for obscured sources to be associated with NL AGN and unobscured sources with BL ones. However, there is a marked exception with the highest obscuring column observed at a BL AGN at a redshift of z = 0.5.  相似文献   

10.
We explore the nature of X-ray sources with  70 μm  counterparts selected in the Spitzer Wide-Area Infrared Extragalactic Survey (SWIRE) fields: ELAIS-N1, Lockman Hole and Chandra Deep Field South, for which Chandra X-ray data are available. A total of 28 X-ray/  70 μm  sources in the redshift interval  0.5 < z < 1.3  are selected. The X-ray luminosities and the shape of the X-ray spectra show that these sources are active galactic nuclei (AGN). Modelling of the optical to far-infrared (IR) spectral energy distribution indicates that most of them (27/28) have a strong starburst component  (>50 M⊙ yr−1)  that dominates in the IR. It is found that the X-ray and IR luminosities of the sample sources are broadly correlated, consistent with a link between AGN activity and star formation. Contrary to the predictions of some models for the co-evolution of AGN and galaxies, the X-ray/  70 μm  sources in the sample are not more obscured at X-ray wavelengths compared to the overall X-ray population. It is also found that the X-ray/  70 μm  sources have lower specific star formation rates compared to the general  70 μm  population, consistent with AGN feedback moderating the star formation in the host galaxies.  相似文献   

11.
ROSAT X-ray observations of 3CRR radio sources   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
Over half the 3CRR sample of radio galaxies and quasars has been observed in X-rays with ROSAT pointed observations, and we present results from these observations, discussing many of the sources in detail. The improved spatial resolution of ROSAT over earlier missions allows a better separation of the nuclear and extended components of the X-ray emission. We investigate the relationship between nuclear X-ray and core radio luminosity, and show that our results support a model in which every radio galaxy and quasar has a beamed nuclear soft X-ray component directly related to the radio core. We report evidence for rich cluster environments around several powerful quasars. These X-ray environments are comparable to those of high-redshift radio galaxies.  相似文献   

12.
We find a significant anticorrelation between the hard X-ray photon index Γ and the Eddington ratio   L bol/ L Edd  for a sample of low-ionization nuclear emission-line regions and local Seyfert galaxies, compiled from literature with Chandra or XMM–Newton observations. This result is in contrast with the positive correlation found in luminous active galactic nuclei (AGN), while it is similar to that of X-ray binaries (XRBs) in the low/hard state. Our result is qualitatively consistent with the spectra produced from advection-dominated accretion flows (ADAFs). It implies that the X-ray emission of low-luminosity active galactic nuclei (LLAGN) may originate from the Comptonization process in ADAF, and the accretion process in LLAGN may be similar to that of XRBs in the low/hard state, which is different from that in luminous AGN.  相似文献   

13.
Over the last few years X-ray observations of broad-line radio galaxies (BLRGs) by ASCA , RXTE and BeppoSAX have shown that these objects seem to exhibit weaker X-ray reflection features (such as the iron K α line) than radio-quiet Seyferts. This has lead to speculation that the optically thick accretion disc in radio-loud active galactic nuclei (AGN) may be truncated to an optically thin flow in the inner regions of the source. Here, we propose that the weak reflection features are a result of reprocessing in an ionized accretion disc. This would alleviate the need for a change in accretion geometry in these sources. Calculations of reflection spectra from an ionized disc for situations expected in radio-loud AGN (high accretion rate, moderate-to-high black hole mass) predict weak reprocessing features. This idea was tested by fitting the ASCA spectrum of the bright BLRG 3C 120 with the constant density ionized disc models of Ross & Fabian. A good fit was found with an ionization parameter of   ξ ∼4000 erg cm s-1  and the reflection fraction fixed at unity. If observations of BLRGs by XMM-Newton show evidence for ionized reflection then this would support the idea that a high accretion rate is likely required to launch powerful radio jets.  相似文献   

14.
Using ROSAT observations, we estimate gas pressures in the X-ray-emitting medium surrounding 63 FRII radio galaxies and quasars. We compare these pressures with the internal pressures of the radio-emitting plasma estimated by assuming minimum energy or equipartition. In the majority of cases (including 12/13 sources with modelled, spatially resolved X-ray emission) radio sources appear to be underpressured with respect to the external medium, suggesting that simple minimum-energy arguments underestimate the internal energy density of the sources. We discuss possible departures from the minimum-energy condition and the consequences of our result for models of the dynamics of radio galaxies, in particular self-similar models .  相似文献   

15.
It is difficult to detect X-ray emission associated with galaxies in rich clusters, because the X-ray images of the clusters are dominated by the emission from their hot intracluster media (ICM). Only the nearby Virgo cluster provides us with information about the X-ray properties of galaxies in clusters. Here we report on the analysis of a deep ROSAT HRI image of the moderately rich cluster Abell 2634, by which we have been able to detect the X-ray emission from the galaxies in the cluster. The ICM of Abell 2634 is an order of magnitude denser than that of the Virgo cluster, and so this analysis allows us to explore the X-ray properties of individual galaxies in the richest environment yet explored.
By stacking the X-ray images of the galaxies together, we show that the emission from the galaxies appears to be marginally resolved by the HRI. This extent is smaller than for galaxies in poorer environments, and is comparable to the size of the galaxies in optical light. These facts suggest that the detected X-ray emission originates from the stellar populations of the galaxies, rather than from extended hot interstellar media. Support for this hypothesis comes from placing the optical and X-ray luminosities of these galaxies in the LB–LX plane: the galaxies of Abell 2634 lie in the region of this plane where models indicate that all the X-ray emission can be explained by the usual population of X-ray binaries. It is therefore probable that ram pressure stripping has removed the hot gas component from these galaxies.  相似文献   

16.
We present the results of a detailed spectral analysis of optically faint hard X-ray sources in the Chandra deep fields selected on the basis of their high X-ray to optical flux ratio (X/O). The stacked spectra of high X/O sources in both Chandra deep fields, fitted with a single power-law model, are much harder than the spectrum of the X-ray background (XRB). The average slope is also insensitive to the 2–8 keV flux, being approximately constant around Γ≃ 1 over more than two decades, strongly indicating that high X/O sources represent the most obscured component of the XRB. For about half of the sample, a redshift estimate (in most of the cases a photometric redshift) is available from the literature. Individual fits of a few of the brightest objects and of stacked spectra in different redshift bins imply column densities in the range  1022–1023.5 cm−2  . A trend of increasing absorption towards higher redshifts is suggested.  相似文献   

17.
We report the discovery of highly distorted X-ray emission associated with the nearby cluster Zw 1718.10108, one of the dominant members of which is the powerful radio galaxy 3C353. This cluster has been missed by previous X-ray cluster surveys because of its low Galactic latitude ( b =19.5°), despite its brightness in the hard X-ray band (210 keV flux of 1.21011 erg cm2 s1). Our optical charge-coupled device image of the central part of the cluster reveals many member galaxies which are dimmed substantially by heavy Galactic extinction. We have measured redshifts of three bright galaxies near the X-ray emission peak and they are all found to be around z =0.028. The ASCA gas imaging spectrometer and ROSAT high-resolution imager images show three aligned X-ray clumps embedded in low surface-brightness X-ray emission extended by 30 arcmin. The averaged temperature measured with ASCA is kT =4.3±0.2 keV, which appears to be hot for the bolometric luminosity when compared with the temperatureluminosity correlation of galaxy clusters. The irregular X-ray morphology and evidence for a non-uniform temperature distribution suggest that the system is undergoing a merger of substructures. Since the sizes and luminosities of the individual clumps are consistent with those of galaxy groups, Zw 1718.10108 is interpreted as an on-going merger of galaxy groups in a dark matter halo forming a cluster of galaxies and thus is in a transition phase of cluster formation.  相似文献   

18.
We present XMM data for the supercluster A901/2, at   z ∼ 0.17  , which is combined with deep imaging and 17-band photometric redshifts (from the COMBO-17 survey), two degree field (2dF) spectra and Spitzer 24 μm data, to identify active galactic nuclei (AGN) in the supercluster. The 90 ksec XMM image contains 139 point sources, of which 11 are identified as supercluster AGN with   L X(0.5−7.5 keV) > 1.7 × 1041 erg cm−2 s−1  . The host galaxies have   M R < −20  and only two of eight sources with spectra could have been identified as AGN by the detected optical emission lines. Using a large sample of 795 supercluster galaxies, we define control samples of massive galaxies with no detected AGN. The local environments of the AGN and control samples differ at ≳98 per cent significance. The AGN host galaxies lie predominantly in areas of moderate projected galaxy density and with more local blue galaxies than the control sample, with the exception of one very bright type I AGN very near the centre of a cluster. These environments are similar to, but not limited to, cluster outskirts and blue groups. Despite the large number of potential host galaxies, no AGN are found in regions with the highest galaxy density (excluding some cluster cores where emission from the intra-cluster medium obscures moderate luminosity AGN). AGN are also absent from the areas with lowest galaxy density. We conclude that the prevalence of cluster AGN is linked to their environment.  相似文献   

19.
As part of an extensive radio–IR–optical–X-ray study of ROSAT clusters of galaxies in the Hydra region we have observed the bimodal Abell cluster A3528, located in the core of the Shapley Supercluster ( z  ≃ 0.053), with the Molonglo Observatory Synthesis Telescope at 843 MHz and the Australia Telescope Compact Array at 1.4 and 2.4 GHz. This is part I in a series of papers which looks at the relationship between the radio and X-ray emission in samples of ROSAT selected clusters.   The radio source characteristics — tailed morphologies and steep spectra — are consistent with the effects of a dense intracluster medium and the pre-merging environment of A3528. In particular, we present evidence that the minor member of the radio-loud dumbbell galaxy located at the centre of the northern component of A3528 is on a plunging orbit. We speculate that this orbit may have been induced by the tidal interactions between the merging components of A3528. In addition, the radio source associated with the dominant member of the dumbbell galaxy exhibits many of the characteristics of compact steep spectrum sources. We argue that the radio emission from this source was triggered ∼ 106 yr ago by tidal interactions between the two members of the dumbbell galaxy, strengthening the argument that compact steep spectrum (CSS) sources are young.   Re-analysis of archive pointed Position Sensitive Proportional Counter (PSPC) data using multiresolution filtering suggests the presence of an AGN and/or a cooling flow in the southern component of A3528.  相似文献   

20.
We combine Lyman-break colour selection with ultradeep (≳200 ks) Chandra X-ray imaging over a survey area of ∼0.35 deg2 to select high-redshift active galactic nuclei (AGN). Applying careful corrections for both the optical and X-ray selection functions, the data allow us to make the most accurate determination to date of the faint end of the X-ray luminosity function (XLF) at   z ∼ 3  . Our methodology recovers a number density of X-ray sources at this redshift which is at least as high as previous surveys, demonstrating that it is an effective way of selecting high z AGN. Comparing to results at   z = 1  , we find no evidence that the faint slope of the XLF flattens at high z , but we do find significant (factor ∼3.6) negative evolution of the space density of low luminosity AGN. Combining with bright end data from very wide surveys we also see marginal evidence for continued positive evolution of the characteristic break luminosity   L *  . Our data therefore support models of luminosity-dependent density evolution between   z = 1  and   z = 3  . A sharp upturn in the the XLF is seen at the very lowest luminosities  ( L X≲ 1042.5 erg s−1)  , most likely due to the contribution of pure X-ray starburst galaxies at very faint fluxes.  相似文献   

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