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O. David Mirera 《Ocean & Coastal Management》2011,54(11):844-855
Mud crab (Scylla serrata) is a delicacy for subsistence consumption in fisher communities and tourist hotels in the coast of Kenya while export demand to markets in China and Japan is expanding and provides competitively higher prices. Crab exploitation and degradation of the mangrove forests have increased over the last decades therefore threatening the capture fishery. The preferred market size crab has consistently decreased from more than 1 kg two decades ago to the current size of 0.5 kg therefore posing both management and livelihood threat to the critical ecosystem (mangrove) and coastal populations. To meet the increased tourist and export demand and provide surplus for the local community while conserving the critical crab ecosystem, small-scale aquaculture has been initiated in the concept of silvofisheries. Initial culture methods have targeted sub-adult crabs of 150–350 g for culture to market size (>0.5 kg) in drive-in cages and pens (mud crab fattening). These technology attained survival of between 50 and 70% and a market price of 5 dollars per kilogram. However, research is ongoing to assess viability of stocking juvenile seed crabs directly in ponds as practised in South East Asia (SEA) as opposed to stocking of sub-adults in drive-in cages. In comparison with other areas, crab capture fisheries in East Africa have limited management and enforcement frameworks/capabilities within the wider regional fisheries policies. Also there is limited understanding of wild mud crab resources and suitable management options to avoid over-exploitation as observed in SEA. The double-edged demand (wild market size capture and juvenile capture for aquaculture) for mud crabs in addition to mangrove degradation are likely to cause great challenges to stock exploitation and livelihoods of the coastal people dependent on the resource. This review paper provides an inside onto the tradition, trends and options for development of mud crab capture and culture in Kenya. 相似文献
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SURAKSHA M PEDNEKAR S G PRABHU MATONDKAR HELGA DO R GOMES JOAQUIM I GOES SUSHMA PARAB VIJAYA KERKAR 《Journal of Earth System Science》2011,120(3):545-556
In May of 2007, a study was initiated by the National Institute of Oceanography (NIO), Goa, India, to investigate the influence
of monsoonal rainfall on hydrographic conditions in the Mandovi River of India. The study was undertaken at a location ∼2 km
upstream of the mouth of this estuary. During the premonsoon (PreM) in May, when circulation in the estuary was dominated
by tidal activity, phytoplankton communities in the high saline (35–37 psu) waters at the study site were largely made up
of the coastal neritic species Fragilaria oceanica, Ditylum brightwellii and Trichodesmium erythraeum. During the later part of the intermonsoon (InterM) phase, an abrupt decline in salinity led to a surge in phytoplankton
biomass (Chlorophyll a ∼14 mg m − 3), of a population that was dominated by Thalassiosira eccentricus. As the southwest monsoon (SWM) progressed and the estuary freshened salinity and Chlorophyll a (Chl a) concentrations decreased during the MoN, Skeletonema costatum established itself as the dominant form. Despite the low biomass (Chl a <2 mg m − 3), the phytoplankton community of the MoN was the most diverse of the entire study. During the postmonsoon (PostM), the increase
in salinity was marked by a surge in dinoflagellate populations comprising of Ceratium furca, Akashiwo sanguinea, and Pyrophacus horologium. 相似文献
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提出了多光谱图像像元特征矢量之间的极小互相关系数，极大互相关系数及互相关差值和相关密度的概念，在对模拟图像进行矢量相关分析及其对边缘提取的有效性分析基础上，提出对多光谱图像采取像元特征矢量相关分析并提取边缘信息的方法，对TM图像进行试验分析的结果说明了此方法的有效性。 相似文献
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高光谱影像的能量边缘提取方法的本质是利用高光谱信号的能量相似性与能量分布特征来寻找边缘，从能量边缘图可以提取属于不同地物类别的主要边缘，这些边缘都比较明显与完整。实验结果表明，能量边缘对噪声信号不敏感，与用其他方法寻找边缘的结果相比，能量边缘具有更好的效果。 相似文献
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采用电法测量时,为提高观测精度和质量,增强电磁耦合抗干扰能力,须合理计算和减小接地电阻。接地电阻可根据电流场性质和导线电阻定义来计算。针对棒状电极,运用MATLAB软件仿真分析其接地电阻随电极半径、入土深度、电极表面附近土壤覆盖距离的变化规律,确定棒状电极的主要尺寸。由于电极尺寸一般相对固定,减小接地电阻主要通过减小电极附近的土壤电阻率和多根电极并联接地。通过仿真分析接地电阻随更换土壤覆盖半径及集合屏蔽效应系数随电极间隔变化规律,指出更换土壤覆盖半径一般取在100~150 cm范围内,电极间隔大于2倍入土深度,此时接地效果最佳。 相似文献
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DO Mirera 《African Journal of Marine Science》2017,39(3):315-325
The demand for mud crab Scylla serrata (Forsskål 1775) in the global market has increased, hence there is growing momentum to farm the species in Africa. Aquaculture production in Kenya and elsewhere in East Africa currently relies on juvenile seeds sourced from the wild. Wild-seed collection calls for management of the juvenile crab industry founded on knowledge of the species’ ecology, so as to achieve a sustainable seed supply and recruitment to the capture fishery. This study investigated the tidal, diurnal and seasonal occurrence of juvenile crabs in three habitats (intertidal-flat boundary zones, inside the mangroves, and in channels) in small creeks (Mida, Kilifi and Mtwapa) and Gazi Bay, on the coast of Kenya. Sampling was done with scoop nets and seining at receding tides and via burrow searches at low spring tides (day and night). Juveniles in the mangrove/intertidal-flat boundary zone were found sheltered under mangrove leaves or debris, or in shallow burrows during low spring tides, whereas at receding tides they could be seen moving out with the tide or searching for sheltering substrate or burrows. Catch per unit effort at high-abundance sites varied between 59 and 68 crabs fisher?1 day?1. More juvenile crabs, sized 10–80 mm internal carapace width (ICW), occurred at night during the receding tide. Net-seining was effective in the collection of juvenile mud crabs <30 mm ICW, whereas burrow sampling was effective for gathering larger crabs. However, collection of juveniles by seining reduced the quality of the crabs caught due to frequent loss of chelipeds, as compared with retrieving individual crabs by searching burrows. Some juveniles collected in the intertidal-flat boundary-zone habitat were either in the process of moulting or had just moulted, indicating the significance of this habitat for mud crabs at this physically delicate life stage. 相似文献
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