全文获取类型
收费全文 | 27005篇 |
免费 | 4888篇 |
国内免费 | 8591篇 |
专业分类
测绘学 | 1350篇 |
大气科学 | 8667篇 |
地球物理 | 4316篇 |
地质学 | 11509篇 |
海洋学 | 4573篇 |
天文学 | 5349篇 |
综合类 | 1539篇 |
自然地理 | 3181篇 |
出版年
2024年 | 122篇 |
2023年 | 383篇 |
2022年 | 831篇 |
2021年 | 1012篇 |
2020年 | 1077篇 |
2019年 | 1357篇 |
2018年 | 1077篇 |
2017年 | 1118篇 |
2016年 | 1171篇 |
2015年 | 1308篇 |
2014年 | 1791篇 |
2013年 | 1949篇 |
2012年 | 1885篇 |
2011年 | 1953篇 |
2010年 | 1757篇 |
2009年 | 2326篇 |
2008年 | 2164篇 |
2007年 | 2256篇 |
2006年 | 2030篇 |
2005年 | 1812篇 |
2004年 | 1592篇 |
2003年 | 1350篇 |
2002年 | 1165篇 |
2001年 | 1107篇 |
2000年 | 978篇 |
1999年 | 877篇 |
1998年 | 764篇 |
1997年 | 509篇 |
1996年 | 470篇 |
1995年 | 416篇 |
1994年 | 377篇 |
1993年 | 350篇 |
1992年 | 234篇 |
1991年 | 180篇 |
1990年 | 155篇 |
1989年 | 121篇 |
1988年 | 107篇 |
1987年 | 52篇 |
1986年 | 48篇 |
1985年 | 60篇 |
1984年 | 40篇 |
1983年 | 26篇 |
1982年 | 35篇 |
1981年 | 15篇 |
1980年 | 23篇 |
1979年 | 5篇 |
1978年 | 12篇 |
1977年 | 20篇 |
1976年 | 2篇 |
1954年 | 8篇 |
排序方式: 共有10000条查询结果,搜索用时 312 毫秒
1.
Subsurface flow measurements using passive flux meters in variably-saturated cold-regions landscapes
To date, passive flux meters have predominantly been applied in temperate environments for tracking the movement of contaminants in groundwater. This study applies these instruments to reduce uncertainty in (typically instantaneous) flux measurements made in a low-gradient, wetland dominated, discontinuous permafrost environment. This method supports improved estimation of unsaturated and over-winter subsurface flows which are very difficult to quantify using hydraulic gradient-based approaches. Improved subsurface flow estimates can play a key role in understanding the water budget of this landscape. 相似文献
2.
ABSTRACTThe purpose of this study is to examine local level spatiotemporal rainfall and temperature variability in drought-prone districts of rural Sidama, Central Rift Valley region of Ethiopia. The study used 129 gridded monthly rainfall and temperature data of 32 years (1983–2014). The gridded rainfall and temperature records were encoded into GIS software and evaluated through different statistical and geospatial techniques. Mann-Kendal rank test and F distribution tests were used to test temporal and spatial statistical significance, respectively, of the data. The analysis revealed that Belg and Kiremt are the main rainfall seasons, constituting 81% of the annual rainfall. Although annual, Kiremt, and Belg rainfall amounts appear to have decreased over time, the decreasing trend is statistically significant only for Belg rainfall records. On the other hand, rainfall standard anomaly results indicated seven droughts of different magnitudes: one extreme, two severe, and four moderate. The study also revealed increasing temperature trends over the years under consideration that are statistically significant. The findings of this study on rainfall contradict other findings obtained around the study area. Thus, climate change adaptations need to focus on location-specific climate data analysis so that the intended adaptive interventions can be successful. 相似文献
3.
Costijn Zwart Niels C. Munksgaard Alain Protat Naoyuki Kurita Dionisia Lambrinidis Michael I. Bird 《水文研究》2018,32(15):2296-2303
This work provides a comprehensive physically based framework for the interpretation of the north Australian rainfall stable isotope record (δ18O and δ2H). Until now, interpretations mainly relied on statistical relationships between rainfall amount and isotopic values on monthly timescales. Here, we use multiseason daily rainfall stable isotope and high resolution (10 min) ground‐based C‐band polarimetric radar data and show that the five weather types (monsoon regimes) that constitute the Australian wet season each have a characteristic isotope ratio. The data suggest that this is not only due to changes in regional rainfall amount during these regimes but, more importantly, is due to different rain and cloud types that are associated with the large scale circulation regimes. Negative (positive) isotope anomalies occurred when stratiform rainfall fractions were large (small) and the horizontal extent of raining areas were largest (smallest). Intense, yet isolated, convective conditions were associated with enriched isotope values whereas more depleted isotope values were observed when convection was widespread but less intense. This means that isotopic proxy records may record the frequency of which these typical wet season regimes occur. Positive anomalies in paleoclimatic records are most likely associated with periods where continental convection dominates and convection is sea‐breeze forced. Negative anomalies may be interpreted as periods when the monsoon trough is active, convection is of the oceanic type, less electric, and stratiform areas are wide spread. This connection between variability of rainfall isotope anomalies and the intrinsic properties of convection and its large‐scale environment has important implications for all fields of research that use rainfall stable isotopes. 相似文献
4.
《Astroparticle Physics》2002,16(4):183-386
Frequency distributions of local muon densities in high-energy extensive air showers (EAS) are presented as signature of the primary cosmic ray energy spectrum in the knee region. Together with the gross shower variables like shower core position, angle of incidence, and the shower sizes, the KASCADE experiment is able to measure local muon densities for two different muon energy thresholds. The spectra have been reconstructed for various core distances, as well as for particular subsamples, classified on the basis of the shower size ratio Nμ/Ne. The measured density spectra of the total sample exhibit clear kinks reflecting the knee of the primary energy spectrum. While relatively sharp changes of the slopes are observed in the spectrum of EAS with small values of the shower size ratio, no such feature is detected at EAS of large Nμ/Ne ratio in the energy range of 1–10 PeV. Comparing the spectra for various thresholds and core distances with detailed Monte Carlo simulations the validity of EAS simulations is discussed. 相似文献
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
In the atmospheric Čerenkov technique γ-rays are detected against the abundant background produced by hadronic showers. In
order to improve the signal to noise ratio of theexperiment, it is necessary to reject a significant fraction of hadronic
showers. Traditional background rejection methods based on image shape parameters have been extensively used for the data
from imaging telescopes. However, non-imaging Čerenkov telescopes have to develop very different means of statistically identifying
and removing cosmic ray events. Some of the parameters, which could be potentially important for non-imaging arrays, are the
temporal and spectral differences, the lateral distributions and density fluctuations of Čerenkov photons generated by γ-ray
and hadron primaries. Here we study the differences in fluctuations of Čerenkov photon density in the light pool at the observation
level from showers initiated by photons and those initiated by protons or heavier nuclei. The database of simulated events
for the PACT array has been used to evaluate the efficiency of the new technique. Various types of density fluctuations like
the short range and medium range fluctuations as well as flatness parameter are studied. The estimated quality factors reflect
the efficiencies with which the hadrons can be rejected from the data. Since some of these parameters are independent, the
cuts may be applied in tandem and we demonstrate that the proton rejection efficiency of ∼90% can be achieved. Use of density
fluctuations is particularly suited for wavefront sampling observations and it seems to be a good technique to improve the
signal to noise ratio.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
10.
The kinetics of the reactions of C2H radical with ethane (k1), propane (k2), and n-butane (k3) are studied over the temperature range of T = 96-296 K with a pulsed Laval nozzle apparatus that utilizes a pulsed laser photolysis-chemiluminescence technique. The C2H decay profiles in the presence of both the alkane reactant and O2 are monitored by the CH(A2Δ) chemiluminescence tracer method. The results, together with available literature data, yield the following Arrhenius expressions: k1(T) = (0.51 ± 0.06) × 10−10 exp[(−76 ± 30)K/T] cm3 molecule−1 s−1 (T = 96-800 K), k2(T) = (0.98 ± 0.32) × 10−10exp[(−71 ± 60)K/T] cm3 molecule−1 s−1 (T = 96-361 K), and k3(T) = (1.23 ± 0.26) × 10−10 cm3 molecule−1 s−1 (T = 96-297 K). At T = 296 K, k1 is measured as a function of total pressure and has little or no pressure dependence. The results from this work support a direct hydrogen abstraction mechanism for the title reactions. Implications to the atmospheric chemistry of Titan are discussed. 相似文献