气候变化对塔里木河来自天山的地表径流影响   总被引：21，自引：10，他引：11  

高前兆  王润  Ernst GIESE 《冰川冻土》2008,30(1):1-11

塔里木河水资源主要来自天山南坡两条源流,选择西段阿克苏河和中段开都河-孔雀河作为研究区.1956-2003年研究河源山区气温呈持续升温且降水波动增加的趋势,其中1995-2003年升温强劲,升温速率高出48 a期间平均的3倍以上;降水自1986年后持续增加,20世纪90年代较80年代增幅达18%,并显示出河源山区湿岛向塔里木盆地扩展.因高山缺少气象观测,出山径流过程变化可以综合反映中高山带的气候变化.塔里木河来自天山的地表径流在1986-2003年间持续增长,以冰川融水补给为主的库玛拉克河,1994年以来年径流量增加已在前期平均值基础上提升了一个台阶;开都河以降水径流补给为主,1986-2002年出现了观测记录以来的丰水期,并使1986年后博斯腾湖水位快速上升,恢复到1958年记录的最高水位以上.两河年径流变化趋势基本相似,但也显示有西、中段的气候变化局部差异,出现丰枯水期的不一致;然而,在近16 a升温过程中,年径流增长幅度和快慢相近.  相似文献   

Discharge‐sediment processes of the Zhadang glacier on the Tibetan Plateau measured with a high frequency data acquisition system          下载免费PDF全文

Fei Chen  Qiangguo Cai  Liying Sun  Tingwu Lei 《水文研究》2016,30(23):4330-4338

In high elevation cold regions of the Tibetan Plateau, suspended sediment transfer from glacier meltwater erosion is one of the important hydrological components. The Zhadang glacier is a typical valley‐type glacier in the Nyainqentanglha Mountains on the Tibetan Plateau. To make frequent and long period records of meltwater runoff and sediment processes in the very high elevation and isolated regions, an automatic system was installed near the glacier snout (5400 m a.s.l) in August 2013, to measure the transient discharge and sediment processes at 5‐min interval, which is shorter than the time span for the water flow to traverse the catchment from the farthest end to the watershed outlet. Diurnal variations of discharge, and suspended sediment concentration (SSC) were recorded at high frequency for the Zhadang glacier, before suspended sediment load (SSL) was computed. Hourly SSC varied from the range of 0.2 kg/m³ to 0.5 kg/m³ (at 8:00–9:00) to the range of 2.0 kg/m³ to 4.0 kg/m³ (at 17:00–18:00). The daily SSL was 32.24 t during the intense ablation period. Hourly SSC was linearly correlated with discharge (r = 0.885**, n = 18, p < 0.01). A digit‐eight hysteresis loop was observed for the sediment transport in the glacier area. Air temperature fluctuations influence discharge, and then result in the sediment variations. The results of this study provide insight into the responses of suspended sediment delivery processes with a high frequency data in the high elevation cold regions. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

莱州湾南岸全新世相对海平面变化重建     

田立柱  陶有兵  姜兴钰  陈永胜  施佩歆  商志文  李建芬  王福  王宏 《地质通报》2016,35(10):1679-1691

在对莱州湾南岸8个钻孔沉积物沉积结构及有孔虫特征分析基础上,识别相关海面标志层位,辅以加速器质谱AMS14C测年,重建了全新世相对海面变化历史,并讨论了海面变化的沉积响应及控制因素。约9200cal BP以前,海面快速上升,研究区海侵时海面于-21.5m左右;9200~8400cal BP海面上升速率减缓至约2mm/a;8400~8000cal BP海面由-14m快速上升至-5.5m,速率约为33mm/a;8000~7600cal BP,海面持续数百年停滞或微弱下降;7600~7000cal BP海面由-5.5m快速上升至0m以上,速率至少约为13mm/a;7000~6000cal BP海面缓慢上升至+2~+3m位置,速率约为3mm/a;约6000cal BP以后海面缓慢下降至现今水平。约9200cal BP以前、8400~8000cal BP、7600~7000cal BP时期的3次海面快速上升,是MWP-1C融水脉冲、诱发8.2ka冷事件的融水脉冲,以及MWP-2融水脉冲的中纬度地区响应。中全新世全球冰融趋于停滞后,由于研究区沉积盆地沉降速度较慢,在冰川均衡调整效应下,使+2~+3m的相对高海面得以呈现。  相似文献   

中国冰冻圈水文过程变化研究新进展   总被引：10，自引：2，他引：10       下载免费PDF全文

丁永建  张世强  吴锦奎  赵求东  李向应  秦甲 《水科学进展》1990,31(5):690-702

冰冻圈显著的变化已经对冰冻圈水文过程产生了一系列影响。本文重点梳理和分析了近20年，尤其是近10年以冰川融水、融雪径流、冻土水文等为主体的中国冰冻圈水文过程变化研究方面取得的新进展：①在冰川融水变化研究方面，对不同尺度的冰川融水开展了全面研究，发现冰川融水呈现全面增加之势；对冰川融水"拐点"是否出现进行了科学辨识，有了基本认识；对冰川融水过程进行了模型模拟，取得显著进展。②在融雪径流变化研究方面，通过对不同流域融雪径流估算，可基本掌握各河流的融雪贡献率；中国融雪径流变化差异较大，增减不一；融雪期变化具有普遍性，突出特点是峰值提前。③在冻土水文研究方面，通过对地表水-活动层壤中流-多年冻土层上水之间关系的研究，揭示了冻土区径流形成的重力和热力耦合机制；多年冻土变化对地表径流的影响已经显现，主要表现在冬季（枯水季）径流增加；已经发现多年冻土退化对径流有直接补给作用，在一些流域补给量可能达到一定量级。  相似文献   

博格达山南坡黑沟冰川融水径流     

胡小刚  邓世明 《冰川冻土》1990,12(1):71-82

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Late Ordovician climbing‐dune cross‐stratification: a signature of outburst floods in proglacial outwash environments?     

JEAN‐FRANÇOIS GHIENNE  FLAVIA GIRARD  JULIEN MOREAU  JEAN‐LOUP RUBINO 《Sedimentology》2010,57(5):1175-1198

Climbing dune‐scale cross‐statification is described from Late Ordovician paraglacial successions of the Murzuq Basin (SW Libya). This depositional facies is comprised of medium‐grained to coarse‐grained sandstones that typically involve 0·3 to 1 m high, 3 to 5 m in wavelength, asymmetrical laminations. Most often stoss‐depositional structures have been generated, with preservation of the topographies of formative bedforms. Climbing‐dune cross‐stratification related to the migration of lower‐flow regime dune trains is thus identified. Related architecture and facies sequences are described from two case studies: (i) erosion‐based sandstone sheets; and (ii) a deeply incised channel. The former characterized the distal outwash plain and the fluvial/subaqueous transition of related deltaic wedges, while the latter formed in an ice‐proximal segment of the outwash plain. In erosion‐based sand sheets, climbing‐dune cross‐stratification results from unconfined mouth‐bar deposition related to expanding, sediment‐laden flows entering a water body. Within incised channels, climbing‐dune cross‐stratification formed over eddy‐related side bars reflecting deposition under recirculating flow conditions generated at channel bends. Associated facies sequences record glacier outburst floods that occurred during early stages of deglaciation and were temporally and spatially linked with subglacial drainage events involving tunnel valleys. The primary control on the formation of climbing‐dune cross‐stratification is a combination between high‐magnitude flows and sediment supply limitations, which lead to the generation of sediment‐charged stream flows characterized by a significant, relatively coarse‐grained, sand‐sized suspension‐load concentration, with a virtual absence of very coarse to gravelly bedload. The high rate of coarse‐grained sand fallout in sediment‐laden flows following flow expansion throughout mouth bars or in eddy‐related side bars resulted in high rates of transfer of sands from suspension to the bed, net deposition on bedform stoss‐sides and generation of widespread climbing‐dune cross‐stratification. The later structure has no equivalent in the glacial record, either in the ancient or in the Quaternary literature, but analogues are recognized in some flood‐dominated depositional systems of foreland basins.  相似文献   

Hydrofracturing in response to the development of an overpressurised subglacial meltwater system during drumlin formation: an example from Anglesey,NW Wales     

Emrys Phillips  Leanne Hughes 《Proceedings of the Geologists' Association. Geologists' Association》2014

This paper presents the results of a detailed study of a complex hydrofracture system and host diamictons exposed within a longitudinal section through an elongate drumlin located to the west of Cemlyn Bay, Anglesey, NW Wales. This complex, laterally extensive sand, silt and clay filled hydrofracture system was active over a prolonged period and is thought to have developed beneath the Late Devensian (Weichselian) Irish Sea Ice Stream as it overrode this part of NW Anglesey. The sediment-fill to the hydrofracture system is deformed with kinematic indicators (folds, thrusts, augen) recording a SW-directed sense of shear, consistent with the regional ice flow direction across this part of the island. The lack of any geomorphological evidence for active retreat of the Irish Sea ice across Anglesey has led to the conclusion that hydrofracturing at the Cemlyn Bay site occurred within the bed of the Irish Sea Ice Stream whilst this relatively faster flowing corridor of ice was actively overriding the island. Shear imposed by the overriding ice led to the development of a subglacial shear zone which facilitated the propagation of the hydrofracture system with the laterally extensive feeder sills occurring parallel to Y-type Riedel shears. Although a subglacial setting beneath the active Irish Sea Ice Stream can be argued for the Cemlyn Bay hydrofracture system, its relationship to the formation of the ‘host’ drumlin remains uncertain. However, evidence presented here suggests that hydrofracturing may have occurred during the later stages or post landform development in response to the migration of overpressurised meltwater within the bed of the Irish Sea ice; possibly accompanying the local thinning and shutdown of the Irish Sea Ice Stream on Anglesey.  相似文献   

Lateglacial ice dynamics of the Cordilleran Ice Sheet in northern British Columbia and southern Yukon Territory: retreat pattern of the Liard Lobe reconstructed from the glacial landform record     

Martin Margold  Krister N. Jansson  Johan Kleman  Arjen P. Stroeven 《第四纪科学杂志》2013,28(2):180-188

The Liard Lobe formed a part of the north‐eastern sector of the Cordilleran Ice Sheet and drained ice from accumulation areas in the Selwyn, Pelly, Cassiar and Skeena mountains. This study reconstructs the ice retreat pattern of the Liard Lobe during the last deglaciation from the glacial landform record that comprises glacial lineations and landforms of the meltwater system such as eskers, meltwater channels, perched deltas and outwash fans. The spatial distribution of these landforms defines the successive configurations of the ice sheet during the deglaciation. The Liard Lobe retreated to the west and south‐west across the Hyland Highland from its local Last Glacial Maximum position in the south‐eastern Mackenzie Mountains where it coalesced with the Laurentide Ice Sheet. Retreat across the Liard Lowland is evidenced by large esker complexes that stretch across the Liard Lowland cutting across the contemporary drainage network. Ice margin positions from the late stage of deglaciation are reconstructed locally at the foot of the Cassiar Mountains and further up‐valley in an eastern‐facing valley of the Cassiar Mountains. The presented landform record indicates that the deglaciation of the Liard Lobe was accomplished mainly by active ice retreat and that ice stagnation played a minor role in the deglaciation of this region. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Seasonal evolution of meltwater generation,storage and discharge at a non‐temperate glacier in Svalbard     

Richard Hodgkins 《水文研究》2001,15(3):441-460

In glacierized catchments, meteorological inputs driving surface melting are translated into runoff outputs mediated by the glacier hydrological system: analysis of the relationship between meteorology and diurnal and seasonal patterns of runoff should reflect the functioning of that system, with the role of meltwater storage likely to be of particular importance. Daily meltwater storage is determined for a glacier at 78 °N in the Svalbard archipelago, by comparing inputs calculated from a surface energy balance model with measured outputs (proglacial discharge). Solar radiation, air temperature, wind speed and proglacial discharge are then analysed by regression and time‐series methods, in order to assess the meteorology–discharge relationship and its variation at diurnal and seasonal time‐scales. The recorded discharge time‐series can be divided into two contrasting intervals: up to early August, proglacial discharge was high and variable, mean hydrographs showed little indication of diurnal cycling, ARIMA models of discharge indicated a non‐seasonal, moving‐average generating process, and there was a net loss of meltwater from storage; from early August, proglacial discharge was low and relatively invariable, but with clearer diurnal cycles, regression models of discharge showed substantially improved correlations with air temperature and solar radiation, ARIMA models indicated a non‐seasonal, autoregressive generating process, and eventually a seasonal component, and there was a net gain in meltwater storage. The transition between the two periods is brief compared with the duration of the melt season. The runoff response to meteorology therefore lacks the strongly progressive element previously identified in mid‐latitude glacierized catchments. In particular, the glacier hydrological system only appears responsive to diurnal forcing following the depletion of the seasonal snowpack meltwater store. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

The sediment infill of subglacial meltwater channels on the West Antarctic continental shelf     

James A. Smith  Claus-Dieter Hillenbrand  Alastair G.C. Graham 《Quaternary Research》2009,71(2):190-200

Subglacial meltwater plays a significant yet poorly understood role in the dynamics of the Antarctic ice sheets. Here we present new swath bathymetry from the western Amundsen Sea Embayment, West Antarctica, showing meltwater channels eroded into acoustic basement. Their morphological characteristics and size are consistent with incision by subglacial meltwater. To understand how and when these channels formed we have investigated the infill of three channels. Diamictons deposited beneath or proximal to an expanded grounded West Antarctic Ice Sheet are present in two of the channels and these are overlain by glaciomarine sediments deposited after deglaciation. The sediment core from the third channel recovered a turbidite sequence also deposited after the last deglaciation. The presence of deformation till at one core site and the absence of typical meltwater deposits (e.g., sorted sands and gravels) in all three cores suggest that channel incision pre-dates overriding by fast flowing grounded ice during the last glacial period. Given the overall scale of the channels and their incision into bedrock, it is likely that the channels formed over multiple glaciations, possibly since the Miocene, and have been reoccupied on several occasions. This also implies that the channels have survived numerous advances and retreats of grounded ice.  相似文献