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151.
Thomas Monecke Sven Petersen Mark D. Hannington Marco Anzidei Alessandra Esposito Guido Giordano Dieter Garbe-Sch?nberg Nico Augustin Bernd Melchert Mike Hocking 《Bulletin of Volcanology》2012,74(9):1937-1944
Explosions of hot water, steam, and gas are common periodic events of subaerial geothermal systems. These highly destructive events may cause loss of life and substantial damage to infrastructure, especially in densely populated areas and where geothermal systems are actively exploited for energy. We report on the occurrence of a large number of explosion craters associated with the offshore venting of gas and thermal waters at the volcanic island of Panarea, Italy, demonstrating that violent explosions similar to those observed on land also are common in the shallow submarine environment. With diameters ranging from 5 to over 100?m, the observed circular seafloor depressions record a history of major gas explosions caused by frequent perturbation of the submarine geothermal system over the past 10,000?years. Estimates of the total gas flux indicate that the Panarea geothermal system released over 70?Mt of CO2 over this period of time, suggesting that CO2 venting at submerged arc volcanoes contributes significantly to the global atmospheric budget of this greenhouse gas. The findings at Panarea highlight that shallow submarine gas explosions represent a previously unrecognized volcanic hazard around populated volcanic islands that needs to be taken into account in the development of risk management strategies. 相似文献
152.
Multivariate Prediction of Total Water Storage Changes Over West Africa from Multi-Satellite Data 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Ehsan Forootan Jürgen Kusche Ina Loth Wolf-Dieter Schuh Annette Eicker Joseph Awange Laurent Longuevergne Bernd Diekkrüger Michael Schmidt C. K. Shum 《Surveys in Geophysics》2014,35(4):913-940
West African countries have been exposed to changes in rainfall patterns over the last decades, including a significant negative trend. This causes adverse effects on water resources of the region, for instance, reduced freshwater availability. Assessing and predicting large-scale total water storage (TWS) variations are necessary for West Africa, due to its environmental, social, and economical impacts. Hydrological models, however, may perform poorly over West Africa due to data scarcity. This study describes a new statistical, data-driven approach for predicting West African TWS changes from (past) gravity data obtained from the gravity recovery and climate experiment (GRACE), and (concurrent) rainfall data from the tropical rainfall measuring mission (TRMM) and sea surface temperature (SST) data over the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Oceans. The proposed method, therefore, capitalizes on the availability of remotely sensed observations for predicting monthly TWS, a quantity which is hard to observe in the field but important for measuring regional energy balance, as well as for agricultural, and water resource management. Major teleconnections within these data sets were identified using independent component analysis and linked via low-degree autoregressive models to build a predictive framework. After a learning phase of 72 months, our approach predicted TWS from rainfall and SST data alone that fitted to the observed GRACE-TWS better than that from a global hydrological model. Our results indicated a fit of 79 % and 67 % for the first-year prediction of the two dominant annual and inter-annual modes of TWS variations. This fit reduces to 62 % and 57 % for the second year of projection. The proposed approach, therefore, represents strong potential to predict the TWS over West Africa up to 2 years. It also has the potential to bridge the present GRACE data gaps of 1 month about each 162 days as well as a—hopefully—limited gap between GRACE and the GRACE follow-on mission over West Africa. The method presented could also be used to generate a near-real-time GRACE forecast over the regions that exhibit strong teleconnections. 相似文献
153.
Using numerical modelling, we investigate the evolution of seismoelectric effects induced by seismic excitation in spatially confined lithological units. Typical geometries represent clay lenses embedded in an aquifer or petroleum deposits in a host rock. In fluid‐saturated rocks, seismic waves can generate electromagnetic fields due to electrokinetic coupling mechanisms associated with such processes in the vicinity of the fluid‐mineral interface. Two seismoelectric phenomena are investigated: (1) the co‐seismic field associated with the seismic displacement at each point in a subsurface and (2) the interface response generated at layer boundaries. Our modelling uses a simplified time‐domain formulation of the coupled problem and an efficient 2D finite‐element implementation. To gain insight into the morphogenetic field behaviour of the seismoelectric effects, several numerical simulations for various target geometries were treated. Accordingly, we varied both the thickness of the confined units and the value of the electrical bulk conductivity in porous media. Analysis of these effects shows differences between interface responses for electrically conductive versus resistive units. So the pertinent contrast in electrical bulk conductivity controls the shape and structure of these seismoelectric conversion patterns. Moreover, the seismoelectric interface response captures both the petrophysical and geometrical characteristics of the geological unit. These models demonstrate the value of using seismoelectric interface response for reservoir characterization in either hydrogeological or hydrocarbon exploration studies. 相似文献
154.
Bohdan Kříbek Karel Žák Petr Dobeš Jaromír Leichmann Marta Pudilová Miloš René Bohdan Scharm Marta Scharmová Antonín Hájek Daniel Holeczy Ulrich F. Hein Bernd Lehmann 《Mineralium Deposita》2009,44(1):99-128
Three major mineralization events are recorded at the Rožná uranium deposit (total mine production of 23,000 t U, average
grade of 0.24% U): (1) pre-uranium quartz-sulfide and carbonate-sulfide mineralization, (2) uranium, and (3) post-uranium
quartz-carbonate-sulfide mineralization. (1) K–Ar ages for white mica from wall rock alteration of the pre-uranium mineralization
style range from 304.5 ± 5.8 to 307.6 ± 6.0 Ma coinciding with the post-orogenic exhumation of the Moldanubian orogenic root
and retrograde-metamorphic equilibration of the high-grade metamorphic host rocks. The fluid inclusion record consists of
low-salinity aqueous inclusions, together with H2O-CO2-CH4, CO2-CH4, and pure CH4 inclusions. The fluid inclusion, paragenetic, and isotope data suggest that the pre-uranium mineralization formed from a
reduced low-salinity aqueous fluid at temperatures close to 300°C. (2) The uraniferous hydrothermal event is subdivided into
the pre-ore, ore, and post-ore substages. K–Ar ages of pre-ore authigenic K-feldspar range from 296.3 ± 7.5 to 281.0 ± 5.4 Ma
and coincide with the transcurrent reorganization of crustal blocks of the Bohemian Massif and with Late Stephanian to Early
Permian rifting. Massive hematitization, albitization, and desilicification of the pre-ore altered rocks indicate an influx
of oxidized basinal fluids to the crystalline rocks of the Moldanubian domain. The wide range of salinities of fluid inclusions
is interpreted as a result of the large-scale mixing of basinal brines with meteoric water. The cationic composition of these
fluids indicates extensive interaction with crystalline rocks. Chlorite thermometry yielded temperatures of 260°C to 310°C.
During this substage, uranium was probably leached from the Moldanubian crystalline rocks. The hydrothermal alteration of
the ore substage followed, or partly overlapped in time, the pre-ore substage alteration. K–Ar ages of illite from ore substage
alteration range from 277.2 ± 5.5 to 264.0 ± 4.3 Ma and roughly correspond with the results of chemical U–Pb dating of authigenic
monazite (268 ± 50 Ma). The uranium ore deposition was accompanied by large-scale decomposition of biotite and pre-ore chlorite
to Fe-rich illite and iron hydrooxides. Therefore, it is proposed that the deposition of uranium ore was mostly in response
to the reduction of the ore-bearing fluid by interaction with ferrous iron-bearing silicates (biotite and pre-ore chlorite).
The Th data on primary, mostly aqueous, inclusions trapped in carbonates of the ore substage range between 152°C and 174°C
and total salinity ranges over a relatively wide interval of 3.1 to 23.1 wt% NaCl eq. Gradual reduction of the fluid system
during the post-ore substage is manifested by the appearance of a new generation of authigenic chlorite and pyrite. Chlorite
thermometry yielded temperatures of 150°C to 170°C. Solid bitumens that post-date uranium mineralization indicate radiolytic
polymerization of gaseous and liquid hydrocarbons and their derivatives. The origin of the organic compounds can be related
to the diagenetic and catagenetic transformation of organic matter in Upper Stephanian and Permian sediments. (3) K–Ar ages
on illite from post-uranium quartz-carbonate-sulfide mineralization range from 233.7 ± 4.7 to 227.5 ± 4.6 Ma and are consistent
with the early Tethys-Central Atlantic rifting and tectonic reactivation of the Variscan structures of the Bohemian Massif.
A minor part of the late Variscan uranium mineralization was remobilized during this hydrothermal event. 相似文献
155.
Hydrological extreme events pose an imminent risk to society and economics. In this paper, various aspects of hydrological hazards in Russia are analysed at different scales of risk assessment. It is shown that the number of hydrological and meteorological hazards in Russia has been growing every year. The frequency of economic losses associated with extreme low flow in this century has increased by factor five compared to the last decade of the previous century. With regard to floods, an interesting spatial patter can be observed. On the one hand, the number of floods in the Asian part of the country has increased, whereas on the other hand, the number and intensity of floods in estuarine areas in the European part of Russia have significantly reduced since the middle of the twentieth century, especially in the 2000s. This decrease can be attributed to runoff flooding in the mouths of regulated rivers, with an effective system of flood and ice jam protection. The analysis shows that there is an 8–12-year periodicity in the number of flood occurrences and that flood surges have intensified over the last 110 years, especially on the European territory of Russia. An integrated index that accounts for flood hazards and socio-economic vulnerability was calculated for each region of Russia. A classification of flood risk was also developed, taking into account more than 20 hydrological and social–economic characteristics. Based on these characteristics, hazard and vulnerability maps for entire Russia were generated which can be used for water management and the development of future water resources plans. 相似文献
156.
Hendrik Vogel Bernd Wagner Giovanni Zanchetta Roberto Sulpizio Peter Rosén 《Journal of Paleolimnology》2010,44(1):295-310
Lake Ohrid is probably of Pliocene age, and the oldest extant lake in Europe. In this study climatic and environmental changes
during the last glacial-interglacial cycle are reconstructed using lithological, sedimentological, geochemical and physical
proxy analysis of a 15-m-long sediment succession from Lake Ohrid. A chronological framework is derived from tephrochronology
and radiocarbon dating, which yields a basal age of ca. 136 ka. The succession is not continuous, however, with a hiatus between
ca. 97.6 and 81.7 ka. Sediment accumulation in course of the last climatic cycle is controlled by the complex interaction
of a variety of climate-controlled parameters and their impact on catchment dynamics, limnology, and hydrology of the lake.
Warm interglacial and cold glacial climate conditions can be clearly distinguished from organic matter, calcite, clastic detritus
and lithostratigraphic data. During interglacial periods, short-term fluctuations are recorded by abrupt variations in organic
matter and calcite content, indicating climatically-induced changes in lake productivity and hydrology. During glacial periods,
high variability in the contents of coarse silt to fine sand sized clastic matter is probably a function of climatically-induced
changes in catchment dynamics and wind activity. In some instances tephra layers provide potential stratigraphic markers for
short-lived climate perturbations. Given their widespread distribution in sites across the region, tephra analysis has the
potential to provide insight into variation in the impact of climate and environmental change across the Mediterranean. 相似文献
157.
Stephanie Kastner Christian Ohlendorf Torsten Haberzettl Andreas Lücke Christoph Mayr Nora I. Maidana Frank Schäbitz Bernd Zolitschka 《Journal of Paleolimnology》2010,44(4):887-902
We studied the internal lake processes that control the spatial distribution and characteristics of modern sediments at the
ICDP (International Continental Scientific Drilling Program) deep drilling site in Laguna Potrok Aike, southern Patagonia,
Argentina. Sediment distribution patterns were investigated using a dense grid of 63 gravity cores taken throughout the lake
basin and 40 additional shoreline samples. Analysis of the surficial sediment distribution points to distinct internal depositional
dynamics induced by wind-driven lake internal currents. Distribution maps illustrate that the spatial characteristics of analysed
variables are linked to high erosional wave activity. Persistent wave action and littoral erosion along all shores, especially
the eastern shore, is caused by prevailing Southern Hemispheric Westerlies. Several sediment variables (grain size, benthic
diatoms, total inorganic carbon and calcium) indicate re-suspension of littoral sediment followed by re-distribution to profundal
accumulation areas near the eastern shore. Variations within the catchment influence sediment characteristics in the north-eastern
bay. That area is characterized by different mineralogical and sedimentological conditions as well as greater accumulation
of pollen, inorganic carbon and diatoms. These findings are related to the influence of episodic inflow into this bay. Spatial
differences in stable isotope values throughout the lake suggest that ephemeral tributaries around the lake basin may also
contribute to the detected spatial sediment variations. 相似文献
158.
Seasonal temperature patterns may have changed through time in response to current global warming. However, the temporal resolution of available proxy records is not sufficient to quantify paleotemperature seasonality prior to anthropogenic forcing of the climate. In the present study, we reconstructed seasonal and inter-annual temperature patterns of the North Sea during the last 140 years, the Allerød Interglacial and the Late Medieval Climate Optimum using sclerochronological and δ18Oaragonite data from bivalve shells, Arctica islandica. On average, the climate during 1278–1353 AD was ca. 1.1°C colder and seasonality was ca. 60% less than today. During the Allerød, long-term temperatures remained about 3.2°C below present values, and absolute summer and winter anomalies were ca. ?4 and ?2.7°C, respectively. However, seasonality was statistically indistinguishable from today. Long-term average temperatures compare well with existing data for the Late Medieval and Allerød, but detailed information on seasonality during the studied time intervals has never been presented before. Our data also demonstrated that annual instrumental and δ18Oaragonite-derived temperatures did not always match. This difference is explained by (1) NAO-driven salinity changes, which influence the temperature estimation from δ18Oaragonite and (2) food-driven changes in growth rates; portions of the shell that formed more rapidly are overrepresented in carbonate samples. Our study indicated that individual bivalve shells can open discrete, near-century long, ultra-high-resolution windows into the climate past. Such information can be vital for testing and verifying numerical climate models. 相似文献
159.
Alan D. WanamakerJr. Karl J. Kreutz Bernd R. Schöne Kirk A. Maasch Andrew J. Pershing Harold W. Borns Douglas S. Introne Scott Feindel 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》2009,98(1):19-29
To investigate environmental variability during the late Holocene in the western Gulf of Maine, USA, we collected a 142-year-old
living bivalve (Arctica islandica) in 2004, and three fossil A. islandica shells of the Medieval Warm Period (MWP) and late MWP / Little Ice Age (LIA) period (corrected 14CAMS = 1030 ± 78 ad; 1320 ± 45 ad; 1357 ± 40 ad) in 1996. We compared the growth record of the modern shell with continuous plankton recorder (CPR) time-series (1961–2003)
from the Gulf of Maine. A significant correlation (r
2 = 0.55; p < 0.0001) exists between the standardized annual growth index (SGI) of the modern shell and the relative abundance of zooplankton
species Calanus finmarchicus. We therefore propose that SGI data from A. islandica is a valid proxy for paleo-productivity of at least one major zooplankton taxa. SGIs from these shells reveal significant
periods of 2–6 years (NAO-like) based on wavelet analysis, multitaper method (MTM) analysis and singular spectrum analysis
(SSA) during the late Holocene. Based on established physical oceanographic observation in the Gulf of Maine, we suggest that
slope water variability coupled with North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) dynamics is primarily responsible for the observed SGI
variability.
Special Issue: AGU OS06 special issue “Ocean’s role in climate change—a paleo perspective”. 相似文献
160.
Horst R. Marschall Christian Meyer Bernd Wunder Thomas Ludwig Wilhelm Heinrich 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》2009,158(5):675-681
Tourmaline synthesised in an experiment with low boron excess was analysed in situ by secondary ion mass spectrometry. It
revealed significant B isotope zonation with 11B/10B ratios increasing in the growth direction of the crystals. Trend, magnitude and absolute values strongly support results
from high-B-excess isotope fractionation experiments. Furthermore, the closed system B-isotopic evolution of the experimental
fluid was modelled by Rayleigh fractionation. The model results are in excellent agreement with the measured B-isotope composition
of the run-product fluid. Consequently, low-element-excess experiments are proposed as an ideal approach to determine fluid-solid
isotope fractionation factors for systems that are characterised by Rayleigh fractionation. 相似文献