Providing new homes for climate change exiles     

Sujatha Byravan  Sudhir Chella Rajan 《Climate Policy》2013,13(2):247-252

Abstract

Given a certain pre-existing commitment to sea-level rise due to the long thermal lags of the ocean system, several million people living in coastal areas and small islands will inevitably be displaced by the middle of the century. These climate exiles will have nowhere to go. Rather than deal with this in an ad hoc manner as the problem arises, the authors propose a mechanism by which these exiles would be given immigration benefits by countries through a formula that ties numbers of immigrants to a country's historical greenhouse gas emissions. Such a compensatory mechanism appears to be a fair way of addressing the problems faced by climate exiles.  相似文献   

Weathering Controlled Landslide in Deccan Traps: Insight from Mahabaleshwar,Maharashtra     

Mayank Joshi  S. Rajappan  P. Prasobh Rajan  J. Mathai  G. Sankar  V. Nandakumar  V. Anil Kumar 《Journal of the Geological Society of India》2018,92(5):555-561

Landslide is one of the devastating natural phenomenon that threatens human life and property. Every year a number of persons lost their lives due to the landslides. Therefore, a better understanding and characterization of landslide is very essential for adopting mitigation strategies to contain the adversities of this natural hazard. Information on landslides from different climatic setup are very essential for better understanding of the influence of weathering, rainfall, or topography on landslide generation. Weathering is one of the important causative factor for landslide generation in the moderate topography or inactive mountainous terrain. The Western Ghats including the Deccan Traps, an inactive mountain range, receives torrential rainfall. Intense rainfall in these areas enhances the weathering processes and fabricates thick soil covers. Mahabaleshwar area, Maharashtra was chosen as a case study, where high elevated part is covered by lateritic layer and each lava flow unit is separated by a thin weathered bed of red bole. The area experiences series of landslides during the summer monsoon months. Mainly two types of landslides have been identified in the area confined with the red bole bed and powdery lateritic soil. The first type of landslides occur at higher elevations (≥1200m) where horizontal beds of permeable laterites underlined by impermeable thick basalt beds. The rain water infiltrates down and spread laterally within the permeable lateritic beds. It finally spouts at lower plateau elevations and triggers mainly debris flows. The other category of landslides occurs where the weathered red bole bed separates two successive lava flows. The percolating water from the secondary porosities (joints and inter connected vugs) comes out from the contact zones of basalt and red bole bed in the form of seepages. It erodes the red bole bed and as a result the overlying masses hang and consequently lead to rock fall. The Chemical Index of Alteration (CIA) of the representative samples from landslide locations indicates significant weathering. The CIA values for the fine lateritic soil are up to 98% whereas for the red bole bed it varies from 77 to 85%. This suggests a high chemical weathering and higher erodibility. The association of active landslide locations with the red bole bed and fine lateritic soil suggests a close relation between weathering and landslide occurrences in the area.  相似文献   

The Legal Continental Shelf: Geosciences at sea with UNCLOS     

S. Rajan 《Journal of the Geological Society of India》2018,92(2):131-133

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Inversion for the compressional wave speed profile of the bottomfrom synthetic aperture experiments conducted in the Hudson Canyon area     

Rajan  S.D. Doutt  J.A. Carey  W.M. 《Oceanic Engineering, IEEE Journal of》1998,23(3):174-187

In September 1988, a series of acoustic propagation experiments were conducted in the Hudson Canyon area. These included synthetic aperture experiments in which a source transmitting a set of four pure tones was towed toward/away from a vertical array of 24 receivers. Data obtained at 50 Hz during one of the synthetic aperture experiments are used to obtain a model for the compressional wave speed profile in the bottom using a modal inverse method. This model is further refined using 175 Hz data. The ability of the inferred model to predict the field at 50 Hz and higher frequencies is examined  相似文献   

Storm surge vulnerability along Chennai–Cuddalore coast due to a severe cyclone THANE     

V. Ranga Rao  B. R. Subramanian  R. Mohan  R. Kannan  T. Mageswaran  T. Arumugam  B. Rajan 《Natural Hazards》2013,68(2):453-465

A very severe cyclonic storm ‘Thane’ developed over the Bay of Bengal during 25–30 December 2011, crossed the Tamilnadu coast between Pondicherry and Cuddalore (southeast coast of India) in early hours of 30 December with a wind speed 120–140 km/h. The offshore tide record reveals that the surge started to generate around 1100 hours on 29 December 2011 with a height 0.4 m and later raised to 0.68 m at the time of land fall, that is, early hours (0000 hours) of 30 December 2011. Field reconnaissance survey on surge run-up and inundation distance at 15 selected locations of cyclone affected areas reveals that the vulnerability levels are highly variable along the coast. The inundation distance extended up to 30–230 m landward from the shoreline and run-up reached to 1.6–3.2 m above chart datum depending upon the cross-shore geometry of the location. In the areas (Verranampattinam, Chinamudaliyar kuppam and Silver beach) near cyclone landfall, the run-up was up to 2.5–3.2 m and the inundation distance extended up to a maximum of 230 m. However, in the areas located about 150 km north of cyclone landfall, the run-up limited from 1.6 to 1.7 m and the inundation distance extended up to only a maximum of 169 m. The inundation distance is mainly influenced by the slope of the beach. In the areas having beach slope between 1 in 135 and 1 in 220, the inundation distance was 210–230 m. However, in the areas having beach slope 1 in 17 to 1 in 34, the inundation distance is restricted between 35 and 50 m.  相似文献   

Geographic information system–based morphometric characterization of sub-watersheds of Meenachil river basin,Kottayam district,Kerala, India     

M.V. Vincy  Brilliant Rajan  A.P. Pradeepkumar 《国际地球制图》2013,28(8):661-684

The study areas Tikovil and Payppara sub-watersheds of Meenachil river cover 158.9 and 111.9 km², respectively. These watersheds are parts of Western Ghats, which is an ecologically sensitive region. The drainage network of the sub-watersheds was delineated using SOI topographical maps on 1:50,000 scale using the Arc GIS software. The stream orders were calculated using the method proposed by Strahler's (1964 Strahler, A. N. 1964. “Quantitative geomorphology of drainage basins and channel networks”. In Hand book of applied hydrology. Vol. 4, Edited by: Chow, V. T. Vol. 4, 39–44.  [Google Scholar]). The drainage network shows that the terrain exhibits dendritic to sub-dendritic drainage pattern. Stream order ranges from the fifth to the sixth order. Drainage density varies between 1.69 and 2.62 km/km². The drainage texture of the drainage basins are 2.3 km^–1 and 6.98 km^–1 and categorized as coarse to very fine texture. Stream frequency is low in the case of Payappara sub-watershed (1.78 km^–2). Payappara sub-watershed has the highest constant of channel maintenance value of 0.59 indicating much fewer structural disturbances and fewer runoff conditions. The form factor value varies in between 0.42 and 0.55 suggesting elongated shape formed for Payappara sub-watershed and a rather more circular shape for Tikovil sub-watershed. The mean bifurcation ratio (3.5) indicates that both the sub-watersheds are within the natural stream system. Hence from the study it can be concluded that GIS techniques prove to be a competent tool in morphometric analysis.  相似文献   

Chondrule-like objects and brown glasses in howardites     

Edward J. Olsen  Kurt Fredriksson  Sundar Rajan  Albert Noonan 《Meteoritics & planetary science》1990,25(3):187-194

Abstract— Chondrule-like objects and brown glasses were analyzed in the howardites, Bununu, Malvern, Monticello, Pavlovka, and Yamato 7308. The objects are very similar to chondrules in ordinary and carbonaceous chondrites. Like the brown glasses the chondrule-like objects could have been produced by impact melting that left some crystalline nuclei, followed by a slower cooling rate than for the glasses. Alternatively, these objects are chondrules implanted from chondrite impactors. They are, however, without rims or any adhering matrix. The brown glasses appear to represent melting of average regolithic surface material, except for Monticello and Y7308, both of which have some siliceous glasses. The siliceous glasses could not have been produced by vapor fractionation but by melting of differentiated lithologies such as fayalitic granites. Impact mechanics indicates that howardites with abundant brown glasses came from an asteroid larger than Vesta (>400 km radius), upon which impacts occurred at relative velocities of up to 5 km/s. Howardites with little or no brown glasses came from a smaller parent body. We conclude that at least two parent bodies are likely sources for the basaltic achondrites.  相似文献   

Study of cloud liquid water path and total precipitable water from irs-p4/msmr and numerical weather prediction model output     

S.?Das  A.?S.?K.?A.?V.?Prasad?Rao  U.?C.?MohantyEmail author  A.?K.?Mitra  D.?Rajan 《Journal of the Indian Society of Remote Sensing》2004,32(2):175-184

A global weather analysis-forecast system is used to produce six hourly analysis of meteorological fields at roughly 150 km × 150 km resolution at the National Center for Medium Range Weather Forecast (NCMRWF). In this paper, we have studied the Total Precipitable Water Content (TPWC) and Cloud Liquid Water Path (CLWP) derived from the Indian Remote Sensing (IRS-P4) Satellite over the Indian Ocean region in relation to operational numerical weather prediction (NWP) model analysis and short-range forecasts. An objective analysis was carried out by introducing the observations of CLWP, TPWC and their values (six hour forecasts) from the T80 model as the first guess, for a 20 days period of August 1999 using the standard Cressman’s technique. The reanalysis could capture the signature of TPWC and CLWP data from IRS-P4 satellite. In general the observed values of TPWC and CLWP from IRS-P4 have a positive bias compared to NCMRWF analysis over the region where the satellite passed. The CLWP values have been compared with Special Sensor Microwave/Imager (SSM/I) products from the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) satellites. Results indicate that the model derived CLWP values were within acceptable limits, whereas the observations from the Multi-channel Scanning Microwave Radiometer (MSMR) showed slightly larger values.  相似文献   

Exploration and Research for Atomic Minerals     

K.D.P. Singh  D. Narasimhan  P. Rajasekaran  Rajan B. Jain 《Gondwana Research》2005,8(4):637

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Chondrules in the Qingzhen type-3 enstatite chondrite: Possible precursor components and comparison to ordinary chondrite chondrules     

Jeffrey N. Grossman  Alan E. Rubin  Ermanno R. Rambaldi  R.Sundar Rajan  John T. Wasson 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》1985,49(8):1781-1795

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