Fatal landslides in Europe   总被引：4，自引：3，他引：1  

Ubydul Haque  Philipp Blum  Paula F. da Silva  Peter Andersen  Jürgen Pilz  Sergey R. Chalov  Jean-Philippe Malet  Mateja Jemec Auflič  Norina Andres  Eleftheria Poyiadji  Pedro C. Lamas  Wenyi Zhang  Igor Peshevski  Halldór G. Pétursson  Tayfun Kurt  Nikolai Dobrev  Juan Carlos García-Davalillo  Matina Halkia  Stefano Ferri  George Gaprindashvili  Johanna Engström  David Keellings 《Landslides》2016,13(6):1545-1554

Landslides are a major hazard causing human and large economic losses worldwide. However, the quantification of fatalities and casualties is highly underestimated and incomplete, thus, the estimation of landslide risk is rather ambitious. Hence, a spatio-temporal distribution of deadly landslides is presented for 27 European countries over the last 20  years (1995–2014). Catastrophic landslides are widely distributed throughout Europe, however, with a great concentration in mountainous areas. In the studied period, a total of 1370 deaths and 784 injuries were reported resulting from 476 landslides. Turkey showed the highest fatalities with 335. An increasing trend of fatal landslides is observed, with a pronounced number of fatalities in the latest period from 2008 to 2014. The latter are mostly triggered by natural extreme events such as storms (i.e., heavy rainfall), earthquakes, and floods and only minor by human activities, such as mining and excavation works. Average economic loss per year in Europe is approximately 4.7 billion Euros. This study serves as baseline information for further risk mapping by integrating deadly landslide locations, local land use data, and will therefore help countries to protect human lives and property.  相似文献   

Soil chemical alteration due to slaughterhouse waste application as identified by spectral reflectance in São Paulo State,Brazil: an environmental monitoring useful tool     

José A. M. Demattê  Julianne de Castro Oliveira  Tiago Rodrigues Tavares  Leonardo Ramirez Lopez  Fabrício da Silva Terra  Suzana Romeiro Araújo  Caio Troula Fongaro  Stoécio Malta Ferreira Maia  Francisco Fujita de Castro Mello  Rodnei Rizzo  Simone Vicente  Marco Antonio de Melo Bortolleto  Pedro Henrique Ramos Cerqueira 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2016,75(18):1277

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Assessment of human effects through phosphorus partitioning in sediments from two catchment basins around Guanabara Bay,SE Brazil     

Carlos Marclei Arruda Rangel  José Antônio Baptista Neto  Priscilla Soares de Oliveira  Luciana Gomes Lima  Estefan Monteiro da Fonseca 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2016,75(17):1215

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Cosmo-SkyMed X-band SAR data for classification of ice-free areas and glacier facies on Potter Peninsula,King George Island Antarctica     

André Medeiros de Andrade  Jorge Arigony-Neto  Ulisses Franz Bremer  Roberto Ferreira Machado Michel  Alice César Fassoni-Andrade  Carlos Ernesto Goncalves Reynaud Schaefer 《国际地球制图》2016,31(7):803-812

The climate change phenomena have been influencing terrestrial and glacial ecosystems around the planet. Maritime Antarctica is especially sensitive to these climate variations and over the last 50 years increasing global air temperatures have caused extensive glacial retreat. The objective of this study is to evaluate the potential use of the SAR technology in monitoring the surface dynamics of the Potter Peninsula, King George Island, maritime Antarctica. An image generated by the SAR satellite COSMO-SkyMed, obtained on 2 February 2011, was used to extract the backscattering values of targets on the surface for further processing and classification, using a supervised statistic classifier of maximum likelihood for the determination of the surface classes. The average backscattering of water bodies presented high similarity, which made its separation unattainable. On the other hand, the surface classes’ bare ice and wet snow over the glacier presented distinct average backscattering values, which allowed an efficient and precise classification using only this parameter. The classification process showed satisfactory results for periglacial environments, presenting high fidelity to the field data.  相似文献   

Recognising na-tech events in Brazil: moving forward     

José Carlos de Moura Xavier  Wilson Cabral de Sousa Junior 《Natural Hazards》2016,82(1):493-506

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The composition of nanogranitoids in migmatites overlying the Ronda peridotites (Betic Cordillera,S Spain): the anatectic history of a polymetamorphic basement     

Antonio Acosta-Vigil  Amel Barich  Omar Bartoli  Carlos J. Garrido  Bernardo Cesare  Laurent Remusat  Stefano Poli  Caroline Raepsaet 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》2016,171(3):24

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Observations Towards Star Formation Regions: H2 Near-Infrared Emission Lines     

Javier Palacios  Carlos Eiroa 《Astrophysics and Space Science》1998,263(1-4):201-204

We present near-infrared images of HH93 and L1251. The detection of H₂ emission allows us to study deeply embedded shocks, produced by the strong winds of young stars. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.  相似文献   

CCD images and long-slit spectroscopy of the ring nebula around θ Mus     

Carlos Guillermo Giménez de Castro  & Virpi S. Niemela 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》1998,297(4):1060-1066

We present the first digital CCD images and long-slit spectroscopy of the optical ring nebula around the Wolf–Rayet star θ Mus. The CCD images obtained through narrow-band filters centred at [O  iii ] and Hα show that the nebula has a filamentary structure, similar to supernova remnants, mainly seen in [O  iii ]. A spatial detachment between [O  iii ] and Hα images suggests excitation stratification, or multiple rings. An analysis of the physical conditions in the nebula was performed by means of long-slit CCD spectra. The spectral images show that the nebula is of low density and medium excitation. By means of quotients of recombination and collisional spectral line fluxes we determine that the principal excitation mechanism is photoionization. We have determined the electronic temperature and density, and chemical abundances for the oxygen at different sites within the nebula. Nebular chemical abundances are found to be similar to the Galactic ISM, indicating that the nebula is mainly composed of swept up material.  相似文献   

The structure of galaxy clusters in various cosmologies     

Peter A. Thomas  Jörg M. Colberg  Hugh M. P. Couchman  George P. Efstathiou  Carlos S. Frenk  Adrian R. Jenkins  Alistair H. Nelson  Roger M. Hutchings  John A. Peacock  Frazer R. Pearce  & Simon D. M. White 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》1998,296(4):1061-1071

We investigate the internal structure of clusters of galaxies in high-resolution N -body simulations of four different cosmologies. There is a higher proportion of disordered clusters in critical-density than in low-density universes, although the structure of relaxed clusters is very similar in each case. Crude measures of substructure, such as the shift in the position of the centre-of-mass as the density threshold is varied, can distinguish the two in a sample of just 20 or so clusters; it is harder to differentiate between clusters in open and flat models with the same density parameter. Most clusters are in a quasi-steady state within the virial radius and are well-described by the density profile of Navarro, Frenk & White.  相似文献   

Geomorphological and sedimentological analysis of a catastrophic flash flood in the Arás drainage basin (Central Pyrenees, Spain)   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Francisco Gutirrez  Mateo Gutirrez  Carlos Sancho 《Geomorphology》1998,22(3-4)

On August 7th, 1996, an intense and short-duration convective storm occurred over the 18.6-km² Arás drainage basin (Central Pyrenees, Spain). This high relief basin is composed of three subbasins, Aso, Betés and La Selva, and feeds the Arás alluvial fan, in the Gállego river valley. This alluvial fan had been drained by an artificial channel (about 125 m³/s at bank-full capacity). More than 30 check dams in its feeder channel, the Arás barranco, had been previously filled by earlier sediments. The heaviest rain was over the Betés subbasin (total rainfall 178.4 mm; maximum rainfall intensity of 153 mm/h for a 10-min time interval was estimated). Most of the rainfall fell in a 70-min period. This storm resulted in high runoff, causing catastrophic damage and significant geomorphic changes in the drainage basin, especially in the Betés subbasin. The high discharge, concentrated in the Arás barranco, destroyed most of the check dams, flushing out a great amount of debris. Major channel trenching and widening occurred in this barranco. When the confined sediment-laden flash flood reached the basin mouth, it sheet-flooded the southern sector of the Arás fan depositing a massive amount of debris. On this fan 87 people lost their lives and the direct physical damage has been estimated at 55 million dollars. Two stages in the development of the flood have been differentiated from the sedimentological and morphological analysis of the flooded fan lobe. A first stage (peak discharge) of sheet-flooding deposited a coarse boulder lobe, burying the artificial channel at the fan head and causing a darnming effect on the water flood. During the second stage (discharge decline) the flood made its way through the fan head, incising the previous debris accumulation and splitting into two main flow paths.  相似文献