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71.
72.
Drivers of afforestation in Northern Vietnam: Assessing local variations using geographically weighted regression 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Floriane Clement Didier Orange Meredith Williams Corinne Mulley Michael Epprecht 《Applied geography (Sevenoaks, England)》2009,29(4):561-576
This article identifies drivers of forest transition in a province of Northern Vietnam between 1993 and 2000 by applying geographically weighted regression (GWR) analysis to remotely sensed and statistical data. The regression model highlighted the spatial variation of the relationship between the percentage of land afforested and its proximate causes. Factors identified as having a major impact on afforestation are: the presence or proximity of a wood-processing industry, the distance to highways, and land allocation to households. Whereas the two former variables are in most areas of the province positively correlated with afforestation, an unexpected negative correlation was observed for the latter. The analysis of these results, supported by an in-depth knowledge of the area and of the political context, leads to the conclusion that, during the time period considered, afforestation was largely driven by state organisations on protected state-owned land, and forestry was not a significant component of household economic activities. 相似文献
73.
Yogesh Kant B. D. Bharath Javed Mallick Clement Atzberger Norman Kerle 《Journal of the Indian Society of Remote Sensing》2009,37(2):201-214
The knowledge of the surface temperature is important to a range of issues and themes in earth sciences central to urban climatology,
global environmental change and human-environment interactions. The study analyses land surface temperature (LST) estimation
using temporal ASTER (Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer) datasets (day time and night time) over
National Capital Territory Delhi using the surface emissivity information at pixel level. The spatial variations of LST over
different land use/land cover (LU/LC) at day time and night time were analysed and relationship between the spatial distribution
of LU/LC and vegetation density with LST was developed. Minimum noise fraction (MNF) was used for LU/LC classification which
gave better accuracy than classification with original bands. The satellite derived emissivity values were found to be in
good agreement with literature and field measured values. It was observed that fallow land, waste land/bare soil, commercial/industrial
and high dense built-up area have high surface temperature values during day time, compared to those over water bodies, agricultural
cropland, and dense vegetation. During night time high surface temperature values are found over high dense built-up, water
bodies, commercial/industrial and low dense built-up than over fallow land, dense vegetation and agricultural cropland. It
was found that there is a strong negative correlation between surface temperature and NDVI over dense vegetation, sparse vegetation
and low dense built-up area while with fraction vegetation cover, it indicates a moderate negative correlation. The results
suggest that the methodology is feasible to estimate NDVI, surface emissivity and surface temperature with reasonable accuracy
over heterogeneous urban area. The analysis also indicates that the relationship between the spatial distribution of LU/LC
and vegetation density is closely related to the development of urban heat islands (UHI). 相似文献
74.
A three‐dimensional model for predicting redox controlled, multi‐species reactive transport processes in groundwater systems is presented. The model equations were fully integrated within a MODFLOW‐family reactive transport code, RT3D. The model can simulate organic compound biodegradation coupled to different terminal electron acceptor processes. A computational approach, which uses the spatial and temporal distribution of the rates of different redox reactions, is proposed to map redox zones. The method allows one to quantify and visualize the biological degradation reactions occurring in three distinct patterns involving fringe, pseudo‐core and core processes. The capabilities of the numerical model are demonstrated using two hypothetical examples: a batch problem and a simplified two‐dimensional reactive transport problem. The model is then applied to an unconfined aquifer underlying a leaking landfill located near the city of Turin, in Piedmont (Italy). At this site, high organic load from the landfill leachate activates different biogeochemical processes, including aerobic degradation, denitrification, manganese reduction, iron reduction, sulfate reduction and methanogenesis. The model was able to describe and quantify these complex biogeochemical processes. The proposed model offers a rational framework for simulating coupled reactive transport processes occurring beneath a landfill site. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
75.
Fleming LE Broad K Clement A Dewailly E Elmir S Knap A Pomponi SA Smith S Solo Gabriele H Walsh P 《Marine pollution bulletin》2006,53(10-12):545-560
There has been an increasing recognition of the inter-relationship between human health and the oceans. Traditionally, the focus of research and concern has been on the impact of human activities on the oceans, particularly through anthropogenic pollution and the exploitation of marine resources. More recently, there has been recognition of the potential direct impact of the oceans on human health, both detrimental and beneficial. Areas identified include: global change, harmful algal blooms (HABs), microbial and chemical contamination of marine waters and seafood, and marine models and natural products from the seas. It is hoped that through the recognition of the inter-dependence of the health of both humans and the oceans, efforts will be made to restore and preserve the oceans. 相似文献
76.
Roland Ngwatung Afungang Carlos Valdir de Meneses Bateira Clement Anguh Nkwemoh 《Arabian Journal of Geosciences》2017,10(17):384
Landslides are a major natural hazard in the Bamenda highlands of Cameroon, and their occurrence in this region has most often been studied using qualitative methods. The aim of this research is to quantitatively assess the spatial probability of landslides using GIS and the informative value model. Landslide inventory was done through literature review, aerial photo-interpretation, participatory GIS and field survey. Six geo-environmental factors including slope, curvature, aspect, land use, lithology and geomorphology were used as landslide conditioning (static) factors. The susceptibility of the area to future landslide events was assessed by making a correlation between past landslides and geo-environmental factors using the informative value model. The landslide inventory involving 110 landslides was divided into two equal groups using random division criterion and was used to train and validate the model. The analysis showed that slope and land use are the most important causal factors of landslides in the area. The susceptibility index map predicted most landslides to occur around the steep slopes of the Bamenda escarpment that is being used for multiple anthropic activities. The training model had a success rate of 87%, and the validation model had a prediction rate of 90%. The prediction rate curve shows that 44, 32, 18 and 6% of future landslides will occur on 3, 8, 21 and 68% of the study area. The model correctly classified 89% of unstable areas and 81% of the stable areas with an accuracy rate of 0.90. This quantitative result complement other qualitative assessment results that show the Bamenda escarpment zone as a high-risk area. However, the area susceptible to landslide in this study goes beyond what earlier studies had indicated as houses and other infrastructure were found on old landslide sites whose scars have been eroded by human activities. This new input thus improves the quality of information placed at the disposal of civil protection units and land use managers during decision making. 相似文献
77.
Impact of ocean model resolution on CCSM climate simulations 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Ben P. Kirtman Cecilia Bitz Frank Bryan William Collins John Dennis Nathan Hearn James L. Kinter III Richard Loft Clement Rousset Leo Siqueira Cristiana Stan Robert Tomas Mariana Vertenstein 《Climate Dynamics》2012,39(6):1303-1328
The current literature provides compelling evidence suggesting that an eddy-resolving (as opposed to eddy-permitting or eddy-parameterized) ocean component model will significantly impact the simulation of the large-scale climate, although this has not been fully tested to date in multi-decadal global coupled climate simulations. The purpose of this paper is to examine how resolved ocean fronts and eddies impact the simulation of large-scale climate. The model used for this study is the NCAR Community Climate System Model version 3.5 (CCSM3.5)—the forerunner to CCSM4. Two experiments are reported here. The control experiment is a 155-year present-day climate simulation using a 0.5° atmosphere component (zonal resolution 0.625 meridional resolution 0.5°; land surface component at the same resolution) coupled to ocean and sea-ice components with zonal resolution of 1.2° and meridional resolution varying from 0.27° at the equator to 0.54° in the mid-latitudes. The second simulation uses the same atmospheric and land-surface models coupled to eddy-resolving 0.1° ocean and sea-ice component models. The simulations are compared in terms of how the representation of smaller scale features in the time mean ocean circulation and ocean eddies impact the mean and variable climate. In terms of the global mean surface temperature, the enhanced ocean resolution leads to a ubiquitous surface warming with a global mean surface temperature increase of about 0.2?°C relative to the control. The warming is largest in the Arctic and regions of strong ocean fronts and ocean eddy activity (i.e., Southern Ocean, western boundary currents). The Arctic warming is associated with significant losses of sea-ice in the high-resolution simulation. The sea surface temperature gradients in the North Atlantic, in particular, are better resolved in the high-resolution model leading to significantly sharper temperature gradients and associated large-scale shifts in the rainfall. In the extra-tropics, the interannual temperature variability is increased with the resolved eddies, and a notable increases in the amplitude of the El Ni?o and the Southern Oscillation is also detected. Changes in global temperature anomaly teleconnections and local air-sea feedbacks are also documented and show large changes in ocean–atmosphere coupling. In particular, local air-sea feedbacks are significantly modified by the increased ocean resolution. In the high-resolution simulation in the extra-tropics there is compelling evidence of stronger forcing of the atmosphere by SST variability arising from ocean dynamics. This coupling is very weak or absent in the low-resolution model. 相似文献
78.
Glaciological Features in the Initial Quiescent Phase of Kuannersuit Glacier, Greenland 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Jacob Clement Yde N. Tvis Knudsen 《Geografiska Annaler: Series A, Physical Geography》2005,87(3):473-485
This paper describes glaciological features observed on the surface of the large outlet glacier Kuannersuit Glacier on Disko Island, West Greenland, during its initial quiescent phase after a major surge event occurred in 1995–98 in order to classify the glaciomorphological surge system. Focus is on surge features either associated with active surging such as a propagating surge front and serac formation or formed as a consequence of surging such as looped medial moraines and potholes; and on hydrological features related to the evolution of the glacier drainage system such as the supraglacial routing, moulin types and chasms. A chronological glaciomorphological model of the initial quiescent phase of Kuannersuit Glacier, which can be regarded as representative for large outlet surge‐type glaciers with terrestrial terminal regime and long quiescent phase, is proposed. 相似文献
79.
LAI and chlorophyll estimation for a heterogeneous grassland using hyperspectral measurements 总被引:10,自引:0,他引:10
Roshanak Darvishzadeh Andrew Skidmore Martin Schlerf Clement Atzberger Fabio Corsi Moses Cho 《ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing》2008,63(4):409-426
The study shows that leaf area index (LAI), leaf chlorophyll content (LCC) and canopy chlorophyll content (CCC) can be mapped in a heterogeneous Mediterranean grassland from canopy spectral reflectance measurements. Canopy spectral measurements were made in the field using a GER 3700 spectroradiometer, along with concomitant in situ measurements of LAI and LCC. We tested the utility of univariate techniques involving narrow band vegetation indices and the red edge inflection point, as well as multivariate calibration techniques, including stepwise multiple linear regression and partial least squares regression. Among the various investigated models, CCC was estimated with the highest accuracy (, ). All methods failed to estimate LCC (), while LAI was estimated with intermediate accuracy ( values ranged from 0.49 to 0.69). Compared with narrow band indices and red edge inflection point, stepwise multiple linear regression generally improved the estimation of LAI. The estimations were further improved when partial least squares regression was used. When a subset of wavelengths was analyzed, it was found that partial least squares regression had reduced the error in the retrieved parameters. The results of the study highlight the significance of multivariate techniques, such as partial least squares regression, rather than univariate methods such as vegetation indices in estimating heterogeneous grass canopy characteristics. 相似文献
80.
Modeling Multispecies Reactive Transport in Ground Water 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2