A simple fiber-optic microprobe for high resolution light measurements: application in marine sediment     

Jorgensen BB  Des Marais DJ 《Limnology and oceanography》1986,31(6):1376-1383

A fiber-optic microphobe is described which is inexpensive and simple to build and use. It consists of an 80-micrometers optical fiber which at the end is tapered down to a rounded sensing tip of 20-30-micrometers diameter. The detector is a hybrid photodiode/amplifier. The probe has a sensitivity of 0.01 microEinst m-2 s-1 and a spectral range of 300-1,100 nm. Spectral light gradients were measured in fine-grained San Francisco Bay sediment that had an undisturbed diatom coating on the surface. The photic zone of the mud was only 0.4 mm deep. Measured in situ spectra showed extinction maxima at 430-520, 620-630, 670, and 825-850 nm due to absorption by chlorophyll a, carotenoids, phycocyanin, and bacterio-chlorophyll a. Maximum light penetration in the visible range was found in both the violet and the red < or = 400 and > or = 700 nm.  相似文献   

Characterization and identification of na-cl sources in ground water   总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6  

Panno SV  Hackley KC  Hwang HH  Greenberg SE  Krapac IG  Landsberger S  O'Kelly DJ 《Ground water》2006,44(2):176-187

Elevated concentrations of sodium (Na+) and chloride (Cl-) in surface and ground water are common in the United States and other countries, and can serve as indicators of, or may constitute, a water quality problem. We have characterized the most prevalent natural and anthropogenic sources of Na+ and Cl- in ground water, primarily in Illinois, and explored techniques that could be used to identify their source. We considered seven potential sources that included agricultural chemicals, septic effluent, animal waste, municipal landfill leachate, sea water, basin brines, and road deicers. The halides Cl-, bromide (Br), and iodide (I) were useful indicators of the sources of Na+-Cl- contamination. Iodide enrichment (relative to Cl-) was greatest in precipitation, followed by uncontaminated soil water and ground water, and landfill leachate. The mass ratios of the halides among themselves, with total nitrogen (N), and with Na+ provided diagnostic methods for graphically distinguishing among sources of Na+ and Cl- in contaminated water. Cl/Br ratios relative to Cl- revealed a clear, although overlapping, separation of sample groups. Samples of landfill leachate and ground water known to be contaminated by leachate were enriched in I and Br; this provided an excellent fingerprint for identifying leachate contamination. In addition, total N, when plotted against Cl/Br ratios, successfully separated water contaminated by road salt from water contaminated by other sources.  相似文献   

Agricultural pollutant penetration and steady state in thick aquifers   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Kraft GJ  Browne BA  Devita WM  Mechenich DJ 《Ground water》2008,46(1):41-50

The leakage of pollutants from agricultural lands to aquifers has increased greatly, driven by increasing fertilizer and pesticide use. Because this increase is recent, ground water pollutant concentrations, loads, and exports may also be increasing as pollutants penetrate more deeply into aquifers. We established in an aquifer profile a ground water recharge and pollutant leakage chronology in an agricultural landscape where 30 m of till blankets a 57-m thick sandstone aquifer. Pollutant concentrations increased from older ground water (1963) at the aquifer base to younger ground water (1985) at its top, a signal of increasing pollutant leakage. Nitrate-N increased from 0.9 to 13.2 mg/L, implying that leakage increased from 1.9 to 16.5 kg/ha/year. Nitrate load and export could increase from 130% to 230% before reaching a steady state in 20 to 40 years. Chloride increases were similar. Pesticide residues alachlor ethane sulfonic acid (ESA), metolachlor ESA, and atrazine residues partially penetrated the aquifer profile. Their concentration-age-date patterns exhibited an initial increase and then a leveling corresponding to the timing of product adoption and leveling of demand. Unlike NO(3), projecting pesticide residue steady states is complicated by the phasing in and out of pesticide products over time; for example, neither alachlor nor atrazine is currently used in the area, and newer products, which have not had time to transit to the aquifer, have been adopted. The circumstances that resulted in the lack of a pollutant steady state are not rare; thus, the lack of steady states in agricultural region aquifers may not be uncommon.  相似文献   

应用水平井地质数据进行油藏描述：北海南部Lancelot地区赤底统砂岩的实例     

丁平 Went  DJ 《世界地质》1999,18(1):45-48

Ｌａｎｃｅｌｏｔ,Ｇｕｉｎｅｖｅｒｅ,Ｅｘｃａｌｉｂｕｒ是主要靠水平培开发的一组气田,这些气田的水平井数据及其解释与垂直井数据相结合,用于评价目标区和强化储层描述。根据水平井岩芯可对储层质量的晚期变化和风成相进行解释。井下成像和常规电测井用于识别岩相,记录风成沙丘交错层组的晚期延伸和定位,表征成岩趋向,定位水平井未取芯部分中的裂缝。  相似文献   

修正破裂时间法在南加州中期地震预测中的应用     

Breg.  DJ 龙惠川 《地震科技情报》1999,(10):13-27

基于南加州地震目录以及早先公布的新马德里地震带的连续地震记录。利用修正破裂时间法作为中晚期地震预测技术来预测未来主震的位置,震级和时间,对早先地震的预测表明,这个方法预测的主震震级误差近似于±０．５级,假定最后前兆事件已知,误差与破裂时间一致,接近±１．１年,当最后前兆事件未知,预测震级保持较小,但预测时间随着序列中事件的增加还需要修正,主震的位置也可以在半径数十公里量级的圆形区域中确认,为确定加  相似文献   

森林生长—环境间关系的模型建造     

Brigg  DJ 王云才 《地理译报》1992,(2):62-64

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生物和古环境的相互作用：CIUGS过去全球变化专题讨论会...     

McLa.  DJ 吴丰昌 《地质地球化学》1990,(5):28-34

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Simulated infrared emission spectra of highly excited polyatomic molecules: a detailed model of the PAH-UIR hypothesis     

Cook DJ  Saykally RJ 《The Astrophysical journal》1998,(2):793-802

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The diffusive boundary layer of sediments: oxygen microgradients over a microbial mat     

Jorgensen BB  Des Marais DJ 《Limnology and oceanography》1990,35(6):1343-1355

Oxygen microelectrodes were used to analyze the distribution of the diffusive boundary layer (DBL) at the sediment-water interface in relation to surface topography and flow velocity. The sediment, collected from saline ponds, was covered by a microbial mat that had high oxygen consumption rate and well-defined surface structure. Diffusion through the DBL constituted an important rate limitation to the oxygen uptake of the sediment. The mean effective DBL thickness decreased from 0.59 to 0.16 mm as the flow velocity of the overlying water was increased from 0.3 to 7.7 cm s-1 (measured 1 cm above the mat). The oxygen uptake rate concurrently increased from 3.9 to 9.4 nmol cm-2 min-1. The effects of surface roughness and topography on the thickness and distribution of the DBL were studied by three-dimensional mapping of the sediment-water interface and the upper DBL boundary at 0.1-mm spatial resolution. The DBL boundary followed mat structures that had characteristic dimensions > 1/2 DBL thickness but the DBL had a dampened relief relative to the mat. The effective surface area of the sediment-water interface and of the upper DBL boundary were 31 and 14% larger, respectively, than a flat plane. Surface topography thereby increased the oxygen flux across the sediment-water interface by 49% relative to a one-dimensional diffusion flux calculated from the vertical oxygen microgradients.  相似文献   

Effect of wharves on intertidal assemblages on seawalls in Sydney Harbour, Australia     

Blockley DJ 《Marine environmental research》2007,63(4):409-427

Worldwide, urbanisation has resulted in extensive replacement of natural habitats with man-made habitats. In Sydney Harbour, Australia, approximately half of the natural foreshore has been replaced by seawalls. Many of these have wharves built over part of their length, which could affect intertidal assemblages on seawalls beneath the wharves. This was tested by sampling and comparing assemblages under and not under wharves in Sydney Harbour. Assemblages differed between the two habitats, with greater cover of macro-algae and abundance of grazing molluscs on seawalls without a wharf and, to a lesser extent, greater cover of sessile invertebrates on seawalls under a wharf. There was, however, considerable spatial variability among locations in composition of assemblages and the species dominating differences between the two habitats. The impact of multiple artificial structures in close proximity and the variability among apparently homogeneous artificial habitats must be considered for the management of urbanised estuaries.  相似文献