陆壳组成与年龄的关系：花岗质岩石中Nd同位素变异所提供的证据     

Depa.  DJ 杨秋剑 《地质地球化学》1990,(3):49-54

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Small-scale electrical resistivity tomography of wet fractured rocks     

LaBrecque DJ  Sharpe R  Wood T  Heath G 《Ground water》2004,42(1):111-118

This paper describes a series of experiments that tested the ability of the electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) method to locate correctly wet and dry fractures in a meso-scale model. The goal was to develop a method of monitoring the flow of water through a fractured rock matrix. The model was a four by six array of limestone blocks equipped with 28 stainless steel electrodes. Dry fractures were created by placing pieces of vinyl between one or more blocks. Wet fractures were created by injecting tap water into a joint between blocks. In electrical terms, the dry fractures are resistive and the wet fractures are conductive. The quantities measured by the ERT system are current and voltage around the outside edge of the model. The raw ERT data were translated to resistivity values inside the model using a three-dimensional Occam's inversion routine. This routine was one of the key components of ERT being tested. The model presented several challenges. First, the resistivity of both the blocks and the joints was highly variable. Second, the resistive targets introduced extreme changes the software could not precisely quantify. Third, the abrupt changes inherent in a fracture system were contrary to the smoothly varying changes expected by the Occam's inversion routine. Fourth, the response of the conductive fractures was small compared to the background variability. In general, ERT was able to locate correctly resistive fractures. Problems occurred, however, when the resistive fracture was near the edges of the model or when multiple fractures were close together. In particular, ERT tended to position the fracture closer to the model center than its true location. Conductive fractures yielded much smaller responses than the resistive case. A difference-inversion method was able to correctly locate these targets.  相似文献   

Effects of rate-limited mass transfer on water sampling with partially penetrating wells     

Cosler DJ 《Ground water》2004,42(2):203-222

Nonequilibrium concentration type curves are numerically developed and sensitivity analyses are performed to examine the relationships between effluent concentrations in partially penetrating monitoring/extraction wells, the vertical plume shape, and the mass transfer characteristics of the aquifer. The governing two-dimensional, axisymmetric nonequilibrium solute transport equation is solved in three stages using an operator-splitting approach. In the first two stages, the advection and dispersion terms are solved with the Eulerian-Lagrangian method, based on the backward method of characteristics for advection and the standard implicit Galerkin finite element method for dispersion. In the third step, the first-order, immobile-mobile domain mass transfer term is computed analytically for both two-site and lognormally distributed, multirate models. Effluent concentration variations with time and contour plots of the pore water concentration distribution in the aquifer are compared for a wide range of field- and laboratory-measured mass transfer rates, various plume shapes, and relevant physical/chemical parameter values, including pumping rate, vertical anisotropy ratio, retardation factor, and porosity. The simulation results show that rate-limited mass transfer can have a significant impact on sample and aquifer pore water concentrations during three-dimensional transport to a partially penetrating well. An alternative dimensionless form of the nonequilibrium solute transport equation is derived to illustrate the key parameter groupings that quantify rate-limited sorption effects and show the relative importance of individual parameters. A hypothetical field application example demonstrates the fitting of dimensional type curves to discrete-interval sampling data in order to evaluate the mass transfer characteristics of an aquifer and shows how type curve superposition can be used to model complex plume shapes.  相似文献   

Palaeoecology, reference conditions and classification of ecological status: the EU Water Framework Directive in practice   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Andersen JH  Conley DJ  Hedal S 《Marine pollution bulletin》2004,49(4):283-290

The European Union's Water Framework Directive (WFD) requires that all Member States within the European Union determine reference conditions for aquatic ecosystems to provide a baseline against which to measure the effects of past and present activities. Reference conditions are subsequently used to classify the ecological status of European waters. The decisions regarding environmental status will be important future elements in the management of European coastal waters. We have developed a number of classification scenarios for total nitrogen (TN) in the overlying waters of the southern part of Roskilde Fjord, Denmark, taking as our basis a palaeoecological reconstruction of fluctuations in TN between 1850 and 1995. We present a provisional classification scheme for the ecological status of Roskilde Fjord, sensu the WFD. Decision(s) regarding the deviation from reference conditions will give a wide range of apparent ecological status from good, through moderate and poor, to bad depending upon the definition of an acceptable deviation from reference conditions. The determination of an acceptable deviation will ultimately be a political decision, and will result in a wide range in the protection of coastal waters in Europe. There is still, however, an urgent need for a sound scientific documentation of the various scenarios for the implementation of the WFD.  相似文献   

Does sedimentary organic delta 13C record variations in quaternary ocean [CO2(aq)]?     

Rau GH  Froelich PN  Takahashi T  Des Marais DJ 《Paleoceanography》1991,6(3):335-347

Ocean surface water [CO2(aq)] variations based on glacial/interglacial changes in sediment delta 13Corg are shown to compare favorably with reconstructions based on ice core [CO2]. In particular, an approximate 80 microatmospheres increase in atmospheric pCO2 during the last glacial-interglacial transition is calculated to correspond to a 3-4 micromolar increase in ocean surface water [CO2(aq)] at atmospheric equilibrium. A widespread marine delta 13Corg decrease of 1-2% accompanied this event and was not preceded by an equivalent isotopic change in surface water total dissolved inorganic carbon. These observations support the hypothesis that [CO2(aq)] influences photosynthetic isotope fractionation between marine inorganic and organic carbon pools, and therefore that plankton/sediment delta 13Corg may serve as a proxy for surface water [CO2(aq)].  相似文献   

Hepatic metallothionein as a biomaker for metal contamination: age effects and seasonal variation in European flounders (Pleuronectes flesus) from the Severn Estuary and Bristol Channel     

Rotchell JM  Clarke KR  Newton LC  Bird DJ 《Marine environmental research》2001,52(2):151-171

Hepatic concentrations of metallothionein [MT] and three metals (Cu, Zn, Cd) were determined in 242 European flounders (Pleuronectes flesus) collected from power stations at Oldbury-upon-Severn and Hinkley Point, located in Severn Estuary and Bristol Channel, UK, respectively, between March 1996 and February 1998. A model involving three-factor analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to examine variation in MT and metal concentrations with respect to season, year and site; with age-class included as a covariate in the analysis. Hepatic concentrations of MT and Cd (and to some degree, Cu, but not Zn) increased significantly with age. The model explained 38, 25, 17 and 26% of the variation in MT, Cu, Zn and Cd, respectively, with significant effects due to season, and to a lesser extent, to year. Site was only a significant factor for Cd which was higher in fish from Hinkley. Correlation between the individual concentration of MT and each metal alone, or in combination, was poor, and explained only an additional 3.0% of the residual variation in MT, most of which was attributable to Cu (2.7%). Compared to other industrialised estuaries, Cd concentrations were high (>20 micro g-1 in some individuals). The study emphasises the importance of seasonal variation and other factors in biomonitoring programmes and highlights the limitations of using [MT] as a biomarker for metal contamination in flounders from the Severn Estuary.  相似文献   

深海锤击取样管     

Smit.  DJ 褚柳宁 《海洋技术学报》1997,16(3):65-71

深海锤击取样管Ｄ·Ｊ·Ｓｍｉｔｈ，Ｋ·Ｔｒｏｎｓｔａｄ１前言锤击取样管在海洋沉积取岩芯中是一种新的设计原理，能在大陆边缘、斜坡以及深海平原沉积区钻取沉积芯样，以满足考古海洋学的要求。取样管可在水深５０００ｍ处获得长达３０ｍ的未扰动岩芯。它使用了类似陆...  相似文献   

Whiting events: biogenic origin due to the photosynthetic activity of cyanobacterial picoplankton   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

Thompson JB  Schultze-Lam S  Beveridge TJ  Des Marais DJ 《Limnology and oceanography》1997,42(1):133-141

An annual whiting event occurs each year in late May to early June in Fayetteville Green Lake, New York. The initiation of this event correlates with exponential growth of the Synechococcus population within the lake. Synechococcus is the dominant (by approximately 4 orders of magnitude) autotrophic organism owing to the oligotrophic condition of the lake. The delta 13C values of the dissolved inorganic C range seasonally from -9.5% in winter to -6.2% in summer due to photosynthetic activity. Calcite precipitates principally in the microenvironment surrounding Synechococcus because of a photosynthetically driven alkalization process and the availability of the cells as nucleation sites. This calcite has a heavier delta 13C value (>4%) than does the dissolved inorganic C of the lake water owing to the cells' preferential uptake of 12C. A conceptual model suggests that photosynthetic activity and cell surface chemistry, together with the substantial surface area that arises from the great abundance of micron-sized cells, allow Synechococcus to dominate the annual whiting events in Fayetteville Green Lake.  相似文献   

利用前兆事件对新马德里地震带进行中期地震预测     

Breh.  DJ 易桂喜 《世界地震译丛》1999,(3):1-17

对某些主震事件来说,地震预测也许是可能的。Ｖａｒｎｅｓ（１９８９）,Ｂｕｆｅ和Ｖａｒｎｅｓ（１９９０）提出的时间－破坏法利用前兆事件（前震）来确定能量加速释放曲线。通过公式与资料的拟合,可计算出预测破坏时间和震级。到目前为止,该方法已应用于构造活动区的仅有几项研究中,而且是针对中强主震事件。新马德里地震带（ＮＭＳＺ）的微震台网资料对于研究区来说,其震级≥１．５的地震资料是相当完整的,使用这种资料,  相似文献   

滑动标度斯蒂夫图解是一种有效的地下水分析手段     

汤杰.  DJ  石宏仁 《国土资源信息化》1996,(11):1-3

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