Tsunami Simulations for Regional Sources in the South China and Adjoining Seas     

Emile A. Okal  Costas E. Synolakis  Nikos Kalligeris 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》2011,168(6-7):1153-1173

We present 14 scenarios of potential tsunamis in the South China Sea and its adjoining basins, the Sulu and Sulawezi Seas. The sources consist of earthquake dislocations inspired by the the study of historical events, either recorded (since 1900) or described in historical documents going back to 1604. We consider worst-case scenarios, where the size of the earthquake is not limited by the largest known event, but merely by the dimension of the basin over which a coherent fault may propagate. While such scenarios are arguably improbable, they may not be impossible, and as such must be examined. For each scenario, we present a simulation of the tsunami??s propagation in the marine basin, exclusive of its interaction with the coastline. Our results show that the South China, Sulu and Sulawezi Seas make up three largely independent basins where tsunamis generated in one basin do not leak into another. Similarly, the Sunda arc provides an efficient barrier to tsunamis originating in the Indian Ocean. Furthermore, the shallow continental shelves in the Java Sea, the Gulf of Thailand and the western part of the South China Sea significantly dampen the amplitude of the waves. The eastern shores of the Malay Peninsula are threatened only by the greatest??and most improbable??of our sources, a mega-earthquake rupturing all of the Luzon Trench. We also consider two models of underwater landslides (which can be triggered by smaller events, even in an intraplate setting). These sources, for which there is both historical and geological evidence, could pose a significant threat to all shorelines in the region, including the Malay Peninsula.  相似文献   

Discussion: Evolution of central eastern Australia during the Palaeozoic and early Mesozoic     

Emile Rod 《Australian Journal of Earth Sciences》2013,60(1-2):95-96

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Field Survey of the 1945 Makran and 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunamis in Baluchistan,Iran     

Emile A. Okal  Hermann M. Fritz  Mohammad Ali Hamzeh  Javad Ghasemzadeh 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》2015,172(12):3343-3356

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Historical Seismicity and Seismotectonic Context of the Great 1979 Yapen and 1996 Biak, Irian Jaya Earthquakes     

E. A. Okal 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》1999,154(3-4):633-675

—We present relocations of over 220 historical and recent earthquakes in the northwestern part of Irian Jaya, in the context of the large earthquakes of 1979 and 1996. Our results document continuous activity on a 420-km segment of the Sorong Fault, with a possible extension over an additional 330 km to the west. We also show that some level of activity did take place on the New Guinea Trench prior to the 1996 Biak earthquake, and relocate a large (M _PAS = 7.4) event on 02 April 1947 to the trench, at 138°E. We speculate that the large earthquake of 26 May 1914 may also have taken place on the New Guinea Trench. We study the pattern of activity following the 1979 Yapen earthquake, which triggered stress release in the Pandaidori Islands, also the location of stress transfer following the 1996 Biak earthquake.  相似文献   

Computation of oscillator strengths by a semi-empirical method for some elements of the iron-group and their solar photospheric abundance     

Emile Biemont 《Solar physics》1975,44(2):269-273

Oscillator strengths are calculated by the STF method for selected transitions of Mn i. The results, applied to the analysis of solar spectra, support the ‘high’ solar photospheric abundance of manganese recently obtained on the basis of experimental gf-values.  相似文献   

Interaction of waves with non-colinear currents     

M. Hasanat Zaman  Emile Baddour 《Ocean Engineering》2011,38(4):541-549

The present paper reports on a study of the interaction of a current-free monochromatic surface wave field with a wave-free uniform current field in a three-dimensional flow frame. The wave and the current fields are not necessarily collinear with each other. The formulation of the wave-current field is done under the assumption of irrotational and inviscid flow. We have developed the three dimensional expressions describing the characteristics of the combined flow in terms of mass, momentum and energy transport conservation. These equations are found efficient to describe the sought-for combined wave-current field. The parameters describing the wave-current field after the interaction are the surface disturbance amplitude and length, mean water depth, mean current-like parameter and direction of the combined flow, which would be calculated from a set of equations that satisfy conservation of mean mass, momentum and energy flux and a dispersion relation on the free surface before and after the interaction. The results are shown in terms of relative changes in wave heights and lengths, current-like parameters and final directions obtained for the combined wave-current field with respect to current-free wave and wave-free current pre-interaction parameters.  相似文献   

Rayleigh-Wave Dispersion Along the Hawaiian Swell: A Test of Lithospheric Thinning By Thermal Rejuvenation At A Hotspot   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Mark T. Woods  Emile A. Okal 《Geophysical Journal International》1996,125(2):325-339

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The alpine Swiss-French airborne gravity survey   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

Jérôme Verdun  Emile E. Klingelé  Roger Bayer  Marc Cocard  Alain Geiger  Hans-Gert Kahle 《Geophysical Journal International》2003,152(1):8-19

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Single-station estimates of the seismic moment of the 1960 Chilean and 1964 Alaskan earthquakes,using the mantle magnitudeM m     

Emile A. Okal  Jacques Talandier 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》1991,136(1):103-126

Measurements are taken of the mantle magnitudeM _m , developed and introduced in previous papers, in the case of the 1960 Chilean and 1964 Alaskan earthquakes, by far the largest events ever recorded instrumentally. We show that theM _m algorithm recovers the seismic moment of these gigantic earthquakes with an accuracy (typically 0.2 to 0.3 units of magnitude, or a factor of 1.5 to 2 on the seismic moment) comparable to that achieved on modern, digital, datasets. In particular, this study proves that the mantle magnitudeM _m does not saturate for large events, as do standard magnitude scales, but rather keeps growing with seismic moment, even for the very largest earthquakes. We further prove that the algorithm can be applied in unfavorable experimental conditions, such as instruments with poor response at mantle periods, seismograms clipped due to limited recording dynamics, or even on microbarograph records of air coupled Rayleigh waves.In addition, we show that it is feasible to use acoustic-gravity air waves generated by those very largest earthquakes, to obtain an estimate of the seismic moment of the event along the general philosophy of the magnitude concept: a single-station measurement ignoring the details of the earthquake's focal mechanism and exact depth.  相似文献   

Intraplate seismicity of antarctica and tectonic implications     

Emile A. Okal 《Earth and Planetary Science Letters》1981,52(2):397-409

We present a comprehensive study of the seismicity of the Antarctic plate for the period 1925–1980. The total seismic energy released during this period in the interior of the plate, 3.2 × 10²² ergs, is compared to figures for the African plate, of similar kinematics and size, and to the neighboring Nazca plate. We conclude that Antarctic seismicity is comparable to that of other plates, thus refuting the claim that a surrounding ring of spreading ridges hampers transmission of tectonic stress and leaves it stress-free, and clearly showing the importance of ridge-push as a driving mechanism for the plates. In the souteastern Pacific Basin, it is shown that the line of maximum age in the plate, which is the locus of previous positions of the triple junction, is a line of preferential stress release, along with more conventional features, e.g. fracture zones. In the Indian Ocean, we study a 1973 earthquake northeast of Kerguelen (M_s = 5.5): its depth (45 km), tensional mechanism, and low stress suggest that it represents a magmatic process related to the nearby hotspot, and possibly involving the pipeline structure proposed by Morgan.  相似文献