Re-constructing the urban landscape through community mapping: an attractive prospect for sustainability?     

Frances Fahy  Micheál Ó Cinnéide 《Area》2009,41(2):167-175

Community mapping is a relatively new tool with considerable potential in giving practical effect at the local level to sustainable development rhetoric. As a repository of socially constructed knowledge, it has considerable value in democratizing information both in terms of what is recorded and public access to it, in a manner that facilitates more meaningful participation of non-experts in planning and advocacy processes. Focusing on a community mapping project in Galway, Ireland, this research paper explores how the city's municipal authority is employing community mapping not just to record and promote the city's social, environmental, economic and cultural assets but also as a practical tool to bolster public participation in policy-making and to improve local communities' trust in the municipal authority, thereby shaping sustainability practices through enhanced governance.  相似文献   

Interactive effects of metal contamination and pathogenic organisms on the marine bivalve Cerastoderma edule     

Ika Paul-Pont  Patrice Gonzalez  Florence Jude  Line Bourrasseau  Frances Haynes  Christine Paillard 《Marine pollution bulletin》2010,60(4):515-118

The present study evaluated the interactive effects of cadmium contamination and pathogenic organisms (trematodes Himasthla elongata and bacteria Vibrio tapetis) singularly and in combination during 7 days on the bivalve Cerastoderma edule. Some defense-related activities were analyzed such as genetic expression, metallothionein and immune responses. Trematode metacercarial infection, similar whatever the treatment, induced the strongest responses of immune parameters. Particularly, the interaction between cadmium and parasite exposures induced unusual responses on gene expression and immune responses. No effect of bacterial challenge appeared on bivalve responses, nevertheless a strong mortality of V. tapetis infected cockles occured between 7 and 14 days. Cadmium bioaccumulation was significantly modulated by both pathogenic organisms. Furthermore, an antagonistic effect of trematodes and bacteria was shown on metal bioaccumulation of co-infected cockles. These results highlighted the importance of considering the multiplicity of perturbation sources in coastal ecosystems to assess the health status of organisms.  相似文献   

The interannual variabilities of chlorophyll and nutrients in San Francisco Bay: a modeling study     

Wang  Zhengui  Chai  Fei  Dugdale  Richard  Liu  Qianqian  Xue  Huijie  Wilkerson  Frances  Chao  Yi  Zhang  Yinglong  Zhang  Hongchun 《Ocean Dynamics》2020,70(8):1169-1186

Ocean Dynamics - San Francisco Bay (SFB) is a complex ecosystem that has been heavily impacted by human activities. It has experienced strong year-to-year variations in physical, chemical, and...  相似文献   

Temporal variability of dimethylsulfide and dimethylsulfoniopropionate in the Sargasso Sea   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

John W. H. Dacey  Frances A. Howse  Anthony F. Michaels  Stuart G. Wakeham 《Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers》1998,45(12):2085-2104

Vertical profiles of dimethylsulfide (DMS) and β-dimethylsulfoniopropionate, particulate (pDMSP) and dissolved (dDMSP), were measured biweekly in the upper 140 m of the Sargasso Sea (32°10′N, 64°30′W) during 1992 and 1993. DMS and pDMSP showed strong, but different, seasonal patterns; no distinct intra-annual pattern was observed for dDMSP. During winter, concentrations of DMS were generally less than 1 nmol l⁻¹ at all depths, dDMSP was less than 3 nmol l⁻¹ and pDMSP was less than 8 nmol l⁻¹. In spring, concentrations of both dDMSP and pDMSP rose, on a few occasions up to 20 nmol l⁻¹ in the dissolved pool and up to 27 nmol l⁻¹ in the particulate pool. These increases, due to blooms of DMSP-containing phytoplankton, resulted in only minor increases in DMS concentrations (up to 4 nmol l⁻¹). Throughout the summer, the concentrations of DMS continued to increase, reaching a maximum in August of 12 nmol l⁻¹ (at 30 m depth). There was no concomitant summer increase in dDMSP or pDMSP. The differences among the seasonal patterns of DMS, dDMSP, and pDMSP suggest that the physical and biological processes involved in the cycling of DMS change with the seasons. There is a correlation between the concentration of DMS and temperature in this data set, as required by some of the climate feedback models that have been suggested for DMS. A full understanding of the underlying processes controlling DMS is required to determine if the temperature-DMS pattern is of significance in the context of global climate change.  相似文献   

Sedimentary evidence of prehistoric distant-source tsunamis in the Hawaiian Islands     

Seanpaul La Selle  Bruce M. Richmond  Bruce E. Jaffe  Alan R. Nelson  Frances R. Griswold  Maria E. M. Arcos  Catherine Chagué  James M. Bishop  Piero Bellanova  Haunani H. Kane  Brent D. Lunghino  Guy Gelfenbaum 《Sedimentology》2020,67(3):1249-1273

Over the past 200 years of written records, the Hawaiian Islands have experienced tens of tsunamis generated by earthquakes in the subduction zones of the Pacific ‘Ring of Fire’ (for example, Alaska–Aleutian, Kuril–Kamchatka, Chile and Japan). Mapping and dating anomalous beds of sand and silt deposited by tsunamis in low-lying areas along Pacific coasts, even those distant from subduction zones, is critical for assessing tsunami hazard throughout the Pacific basin. This study searched for evidence of tsunami inundation using stratigraphic and sedimentological analyses of potential tsunami deposits beneath present and former Hawaiian wetlands, coastal lagoons, and river floodplains. Coastal wetland sites on the islands of Hawai΄i, Maui, O΄ahu and Kaua΄i were selected based on historical tsunami runup, numerical inundation modelling, proximity to sandy source sediments, degree of historical wetland disturbance, and breadth of prior geological and archaeological investigations. Sand beds containing marine calcareous sediment within peaty and/or muddy wetland deposits on the north and north-eastern shores of Kaua΄i, O΄ahu and Hawai΄i were interpreted as tsunami deposits. At some sites, deposits of the 1946 and 1957 Aleutian tsunamis are analogues for deeper, older probable tsunami deposits. Radiocarbon-based age models date sand beds from three sites to ca 700 to 500 cal yr bp , which overlaps ages for tsunami deposits in the eastern Aleutian Islands that record a local subduction zone earthquake. The overlapping modelled ages for tsunami deposits at the study sites support a plausible correlation with an eastern Aleutian earthquake source for a large prehistoric tsunami in the Hawaiian Islands.  相似文献   

Long-term hydrological,biogeochemical, and ecological data for the Kuparuk River,North Slope,Alaska     

Alexander B. Medvedeff  Frances M. Iannucci  Linda A. Deegan  Alexander D. Huryn  William B. Bowden 《水文研究》2021,35(5):e14115

The Kuparuk River, located on Alaska's North Slope, is one of the most studied rivers in the Arctic. For nearly 40 seasons, physical, chemical, and biological parameters have been monitored continuously in a 5 km, 4th-order reach of the river during the short summer season when there is flow in this river. Flow decreases as the tundra begins to refreeze in the late autumn and these streams normally remain frozen until the spring freshet. The monitoring program has supported a 34-year phosphorus enrichment experiment conducted by the Arctic Long Term Ecological Research (LTER) program. Enrichment with phosphorus dramatically changed the structure and function of the primary producer community in the fertilized reach, with cascading effects in higher trophic levels. The datasets generated by this experiment have revealed significant increases in flow-weighted mean concentrations of nitrate and significant decreases in flow-weighted mean concentrations of dissolved organic N and P over time. In this paper, we present an overview of the nutrient concentration, discharge, macroinvertebrate, and Arctic grayling population datasets we have collected. The purposes of these datasets are to track changes resulting from the enrichment experiment, support ancillary research on responses of an Arctic stream to climate warming and permafrost thaw, and to provide input and validation data for models to predict future changes in Arctic streams.  相似文献   

Testing the survival of microfossils in artificial martian sedimentary meteorites during entry into Earth’s atmosphere: The STONE 6 experiment     

Frédéric Foucher  Frances Westall  Franz Brandstätter  René Demets  John Parnell  Charles S. Cockell  Howell G.M. Edwards  Jean-Michel Bény  André Brack 《Icarus》2010,207(2):616-279

If life ever appeared on Mars, could we find traces of primitive life embedded in sedimentary meteorites? To answer this question, a 3.5-byr-old volcanic sediment containing microfossils was embedded in the heat shield of a space capsule in order to test survival of the rock and the microfossils during entry into the Earth’s atmosphere (the STONE 6 experiment). The silicified volcanic sediment from the Kitty’s Gap Chert (Pilbara, Australia) is considered to be an excellent analogue for Noachian-age volcanic sediments. The microfossils in the chert are also analogues for potential martian life. An additional goal was to investigate the survival of living microorganisms (Chroococcidiopsis) protected by a 2-cm thick layer of rock in order to test whether living endolithic organisms could survive atmospheric entry when protected by a rocky coating.Mineralogical alteration of the sediment due to shock heating was manifested by the formation of a fusion crust, cracks in the chert due to prograde and retrograde changes of α quartz to β quartz, increase in the size of the fluid inclusions, and dewatering of the hydromuscovite-replaced volcanic protoliths. The carbonaceous microfossils embedded in the chert matrix survived in the rock away from the fusion crust but there was an increase in the maturity index of the kerogen towards the crust. We conclude that this kind of sediment can survive atmospheric entry and, if it contains microfossils, they could also survive. The living microorganisms were, however, completely carbonised by flame leakage to the back of the sample and therefore non-viable. However, using an analytical model to estimate the temperature reached within the sample thickness, we conclude that, even without flame leakage, the living organisms probably need to be protected by at least 5 cm of rock in order to be shielded from the intense heat of entry.  相似文献   

Determination of Selenium Concentrations in NIST SRM 610, 612, 614 and Geological Glass Reference Materials Using the Electron Probe, LA-ICP-MS and SHRIMP II     

Frances E. Jenner  Peter Holden  John A. Mavrogenes  Hugh St.C. O'Neill  Charlotte Allen 《Geostandards and Geoanalytical Research》2009,33(3):309-317

A combination of EMPA, sensitive high resolution ion microprobe (SHRIMP II) and/or LA-ICP-MS techniques was used to measure the concentration of selenium (Se) in NIST SRM 610, 612, 614 and a range of reference materials. Our new compiled value for the concentration of Se in NIST SRM 610 is 112 ± 2 μg g⁻¹. The concentration of Se in NIST SRM 612, using NIST SRM 610 for calibration, determined using LA-ICP-MS (confirmed using SHRIMP II) was 15.2 ± 0.2 μg g⁻¹. The concentration of Se in NIST SRM 614, using LA-ICP-MS was 0.394 ± 0.012 μg g⁻¹. LA-ICP-MS determination of Se in synthetic geological glasses BCR-2G, BIR-1G, TB-1G and the MPI-DING glasses showed a range in concentrations from 0.062 to 0.168 μg g⁻¹. Selenium in the natural glass, VG2, was 0.204 ± 0.028 μg g⁻¹.  相似文献   

Observations of heterogeneous stope convergence behavior and implications for induced seismicity     

Frances M. Boler  Peter L. Swanson 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》1992,139(3-4):639-656

Analysis of stope convergence measurements in a burst-prone lead-zinc-silver mine is being used by the U.S. Bureau of Mines to study rock burst processes. Three convergence gages were installed in a 3-m wide stope of the Galena Mine with an inter-gage distance of approximately 8 m. The two-month period immediately after installation, during which the subsequent cut of the pillar was made, is the subject of the analysis described in this paper. Microseismicity rates and locations (local magnitude –5 and above) were also recorded during this period. Coseismic convergence steps within the 10-minute sample interval are observed at various times on all three gages. The convergences of the three gages do not track one another, indicating the blocky nature of deformation in this stope at a 10 meter or smaller size scale. The behavior of the three gages is different with respect to coseismic and interseismic convergence during the study period. For one of the gages, 82% of total closure occurs coseismically. The other two gages show much smaller percentages of coseismic convergence (30% and 35%), and proportionately higher percentages of interseismic steady creep. This heterogeneous convergence behavior may be indicative of the relative stability of the faults in the vicinity of each gage. An examination of stability models shows that the mine-geometry-related spatial variation in normal stress, acting on an existing set of faults, may explain the observed behavior.  相似文献   

The Rare Earth Elements: Demand,Global Resources,and Challenges for Resourcing Future Generations   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Kathryn M. Goodenough  Frances Wall  David Merriman 《Natural Resources Research》2018,27(2):201-216

The rare earth elements (REE) have attracted much attention in recent years, being viewed as critical metals because of China’s domination of their supply chain. This is despite the fact that REE enrichments are known to exist in a wide range of settings, and have been the subject of much recent exploration. Although the REE are often referred to as a single group, in practice each individual element has a specific set of end-uses, and so demand varies between them. Future demand growth to 2026 is likely to be mainly linked to the use of NdFeB magnets, particularly in hybrid and electric vehicles and wind turbines, and in erbium-doped glass fiber for communications. Supply of lanthanum and cerium is forecast to exceed demand. There are several different types of natural (primary) REE resources, including those formed by high-temperature geological processes (carbonatites, alkaline rocks, vein and skarn deposits) and those formed by low-temperature processes (placers, laterites, bauxites and ion-adsorption clays). In this paper, we consider the balance of the individual REE in each deposit type and how that matches demand, and look at some of the issues associated with developing these deposits. This assessment and overview indicate that while each type of REE deposit has different advantages and disadvantages, light rare earth-enriched ion adsorption types appear to have the best match to future REE needs. Production of REE as by-products from, for example, bauxite or phosphate, is potentially the most rapid way to produce additional REE. There are still significant technical and economic challenges to be overcome to create substantial REE supply chains outside China.  相似文献