Hurricane Katrina storm surge delineation: implications for future storm surge forecasts and warnings   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

Ginni Melton  Melanie Gall  Jerry T. Mitchell  Susan L. Cutter 《Natural Hazards》2010,54(2):519-536

The storm surge in coastal Mississippi caused by Hurricane Katrina was unprecedented in the region. The height and geographic extent of the storm surge came as a surprise to many and exceeded pre-impact surge scenarios based on SLOSH models that were the basis for emergency preparedness and local land use decision-making. This paper explores the spatial accuracy of three interpolated storm surge surfaces derived from post-event reconnaissance data by comparing the interpolation results to a specific SLOSH run. The findings are used to suggest improvements in the calibration of existing pre-event storm surge models such as SLOSH. Finally, the paper provides some suggestions on an optimal surge forecast map that could enhance the communication of storm surge risks to the public.  相似文献   

Erratum to: A diverse rodent fauna from the middle Bartonian (Eocene) of Les Alleveys, Switzerland: snapshot of the early theridomyid radiation     

Jerry J. Hooker  Marc Weidmann 《Swiss Journal of Geoscience》2010,103(1):137-137

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The impact of Greenland melt on local sea levels: a partially coupled analysis of dynamic and static equilibrium effects in idealized water-hosing experiments   总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1  

Robert E. Kopp  Jerry X. Mitrovica  Stephen M. Griffies  Jianjun Yin  Carling C. Hay  Ronald J. Stouffer 《Climatic change》2010,103(3-4):619-625

Local sea level can deviate from mean global sea level because of both dynamic sea level (DSL) effects, resulting from oceanic and atmospheric circulation and temperature and salinity distributions, and changes in the static equilibrium (SE) sea level configuration, produced by the gravitational, elastic, and rotational effects of mass redistribution. Both effects will contribute to future sea level change. To compare their magnitude, we simulated the effects of Greenland Ice Sheet (GIS) melt by conducting idealized North Atlantic “water-hosing” experiments in a climate model unidirectionally coupled to a SE sea level model. At current rates of GIS melt, we find that geographic SE patterns should be challenging but possible to detect above dynamic variability. At higher melt rates, we find that DSL trends are strongest in the western North Atlantic, while SE effects will dominate in most of the ocean when melt exceeds ~20 cm equivalent sea level.  相似文献   

Energy balance and turbulent flux partitioning in a corn–soybean rotation in the Midwestern US     

Guillermo Hernandez-Ramirez  Jerry L. Hatfield  John H. Prueger  Thomas J. Sauer 《Theoretical and Applied Climatology》2010,100(1-2):79-92

Quantifying the energy balance above plant canopies is critical for better understanding of water balance and changes in regional weather patterns. This study examined temporal variations of energy balance terms for contrasting canopies [corn (Zea mays L.) and soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.)]. We monitored energy balance for 4 years using eddy-covariance systems, net radiometers, and soil heat flux plates in adjacent production fields near Ames, Iowa. On an annual basis, soybean exhibited 20% and 30% lower sensible heat flux (H) and Bowen ratio than corn, respectively. As canopies developed, a gradual shift in turbulent fluxes occurred with decreasing H and increasing latent heat flux (LE), but with a more pronounced effect for corn. Conversely, during mid-growing season and as both canopies progressively senesced, H in general increased and LE decreased; however, soybean exhibited slightly greater LE and much lower H than corn. These temporal variations in magnitude and partitioning of turbulent fluxes translated into a pronounced energy imbalance for soybean (0.80) and an enhanced closure for corn (0.98) in August and September. These discrepancies could be directly associated with differences in momentum transport as shown by friction velocities of 0.34 and 0.28 m s^?1 for corn and soybean, respectively. These results support influential roles of plant canopy on intensity and mode of surface energy exchange processes.  相似文献   

Seismic stratigraphy records the deglacial history of Jakobshavn Isbræ, West Greenland     

Kelly A. Hogan  Justin K. Dix  Jerry M. Lloyd  Antony J. Long  Carol J. Cotterill 《第四纪科学杂志》2011,26(7):757-766

Jakobshavn Isbræ is one of the largest ice streams in the Greenland Ice Sheet, presently draining c. 6.5% of the Inland Ice. Here we present high‐resolution Chirp and Sparker sub‐bottom profiles from a seismic survey conducted just outside of the Jakobshavn Isfjord, which provides detailed insight into the glacimarine sedimentary history of the Jakobshavn ice stream during the Holocene. We observe acoustically stratified and homogeneous sediments that drape an irregular substratum and were deposited between ～10 and c. 7.6k cal a BP. The stratified lower units are interpreted as the product of ice‐proximal glacimarine sedimentation deposited rapidly when the grounded ice margin was located close to depositional basins on topographic highs. The upper acoustically homogenous units reflect suspension settling of fine‐grained material and gravitational flows that were extruded from an increasingly unstable ice margin as the ice retreated into the fjord. Proximity to the ice margin and bedrock topography were the dominant controls on sediment accumulation during deglaciation although the 8.2‐ka cooling event probably influenced the position of the ice margin at the fjord mouth. The post‐glacial sedimentary record is characterized by glacimarine and hemipelagic rainout with an increased ice‐rafted detritus fraction that records sedimentation following ice stream retreat into Jakobshavn Isfjord sometime after c. 7.8k cal a BP. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Influence of late Holocene hillslope processes and landforms on modern channel dynamics in upland watersheds of central Nevada     

Jerry Miller  Dru Germanoski  Karen Waltman  Robin Tausch  Jeanne Chambers 《Geomorphology》2001,38(3-4)

Stratigraphic, geomorphic, and paleoecological data were collected from upland watersheds in the Great Basin of central Nevada to assess the relationships between late Holocene climate change, hillslope processes and landforms, and modern channel dynamics. These data indicate that a shift to drier, warmer climatic conditions from approximately 2500 to 1300 YPB led to a complex set of geomorphic responses. The initial response was massive hillslope erosion and the simultaneous aggradation of both side-valley alluvial fans and the axial valley system. The final response was fan stabilization and axial channel incision as fine-grained sediments were winnowed from the hillslope sediment reservoirs, and sediment yield and runoff processes were altered. The primary geomorphic response to disturbance for approximately the past 1900 years has been channel entrenchment, suggesting that the evolutionary history of hillslopes has produced watersheds that are prone to incision. The magnitude of the most recent phase of channel entrenchment varies along the valley floor as a function of geomorphic position relative to side-valley alluvial fans. Radial fan profiles suggest that during fan building, fan deposits temporarily blocked the flow of sediment down the main stem of the valley, commonly creating a stepped longitudinal valley profile. Stream reaches located immediately upvalley of these fans are characterized by low gradients and alternating episodes of erosion and deposition. In contrast, reaches coincident with or immediately downstream of the fans exhibit higher gradients and limited valley floor deposition. Thus, modern channel dynamics and associated riparian ecosystems are strongly influenced by landforms created by depositional events that occurred approximately 2000 years ago.  相似文献   

$\text{K}\text{Rb}$ ratios in Precambrian granulite terranes     

Jerry D. Lewis  Charles M. Spooner 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》1973,37(5):1111-1118

Concentrations of potassium and rubidium are reported for 62 Precambrian shield whole-rock samples belonging to the pyroxene granulite facies of world-wide distribution. Compared with the Main Trend established by Shaw (1968) for igneous and quasi-igneous rocks of the upper crust, the high-grade metamorphic granulites exhibit a similar correlation but with a measurable depletion in Rb for a given K content. The Metamorphic Trend may be described by the equations: log₁₀ (ppm Rb) = 1.136 log₁₀ (per cent K) + 1.495 or ppm Rb = 31.28 (per cent K)^1.136. The square of the product moment correlation coefficient shows that 80 per cent of the variation in Rb is associated with variation in K.All suites studied have initial ${}^{87}\text{Sr}{}^{86}\text{Sr}$ ratios less than 0.707. This low value argues against repeated extraction of Rb and K through time on a regional scale. Rather, the major depletion in these lithophile elements occurred in the early stages of crustal evolution.  相似文献   

Geomorphology and hydrology of upper sinking cove,cumberland plateau,Tennessee     

Jerry D. Davis  George A. Brook 《地球表面变化过程与地形》1993,18(4):339-362

Upper Sinking Cove, dissecting the eastern escarpment of the Cumberland Plateau, is characterized by a multiple aquifer, predominantly vadose hydrologic system with minor surface components. There is a central trunk channel along the axis of the cove and a network of independent tributaries. Aquitards within the limestones, particularly Hartselle Formation shales, have influenced both cave and surface landform development by perching ground waters and slowing the vertical growth of closed depressions. Long-term solutional denudation in the portion of the cove underlain by limestones (40 per cent) is an estimated 56 mm per 1000 years, suggesting that karst development began 15–16 million years ago. Despite lower soil CO₂ and spring water hardness, 61 per cent of annual denudation occurs in the six winter months when 76 per cent of yearly runoff occurs. Landform development in Upper Sinking Cove appears to have begun as stream erosion carved a valley first in the sandstone caprock of the escarpment and later in the underlying Pennington Formation limestones containing numerous shale layers which promoted surface stream flow. Eventually stream erosion exposed the massive Bangor limestones which allowed deep ground water flow. Surface streams were pirated underground with the eventual formation of the chain of three closed depressions which constitute Upper Sinking Cove.  相似文献   

Sheet flow in a salt-marsh basin,North Inlet,South Carolina     

Jerry L. Miller  L. R. Gardner 《Estuaries and Coasts》1981,4(3):234-237

The magnitude of sheet flow in a small South Carolina salt marsh was evaluated by comparing the storage curve for the basin based on topographic data with that based on current measurements in the main channel. The results indicate that on spring tides more than 50% of the volume of water that enters the basin enters as sheet flow over the grassy flats of the marsh. The current data also suggest that the actual storage curve may be a hysteresis loop with separate flood and ebb segments.  相似文献   

Composition and vertical flux of organic matter in a large Alaskan estuary     

Alexander J. Chester  Jerry D. Larrance 《Estuaries and Coasts》1981,4(1):42-52

Observations of the composition and rate of input of organic matter to the sea floor were made at three locations in lower Cook Inlet, Alaska, during five cruises taken in the spring and summer of 1978. Total particulate, plant pigment, carbon, nitrogen, fecal pellet, and phytoplankton cell fluxes, inferred from sediment trap samples, were related to algal biomass and production in overlying waters. A daily average of 7.5% of the phytoplankton biomass was lost to the bottom. Of this loss, 83% was attributable to zooplankton grazing and fecal pellet production. At the three sampling sites, an average of 39 g C m^?2 (range of 17–60 g C m^?2, was sedimented to the bottom between May and August. This carbon flux represented an average of 12% of the total primary production measured for that time period. Kachemak Bay eastern arm of the inlet, is identified as an extremely productive embayment in which large amounts of organic matter were transferred to the sea floor.  相似文献