Simulation of Water‐Table Aquifers Using Specified Saturated Thickness          下载免费PDF全文

Rodney A. Sheets  Mary C. Hill  Henk M. Haitjema  Alden M. Provost  John P. Masterson 《Ground water》2015,53(1):151-157

Simulating groundwater flow in a water‐table (unconfined) aquifer can be difficult because the saturated thickness available for flow depends on model‐calculated hydraulic heads. It is often possible to realize substantial time savings and still obtain accurate head and flow solutions by specifying an approximate saturated thickness a priori, thus linearizing this aspect of the model. This specified‐thickness approximation often relies on the use of the “confined” option in numerical models, which has led to confusion and criticism of the method. This article reviews the theoretical basis for the specified‐thickness approximation, derives an error analysis for relatively ideal problems, and illustrates the utility of the approximation with a complex test problem. In the transient version of our complex test problem, the specified‐thickness approximation produced maximum errors in computed drawdown of about 4% of initial aquifer saturated thickness even when maximum drawdowns were nearly 20% of initial saturated thickness. In the final steady‐state version, the approximation produced maximum errors in computed drawdown of about 20% of initial aquifer saturated thickness (mean errors of about 5%) when maximum drawdowns were about 35% of initial saturated thickness. In early phases of model development, such as during initial model calibration efforts, the specified‐thickness approximation can be a very effective tool to facilitate convergence. The reduced execution time and increased stability obtained through the approximation can be especially useful when many model runs are required, such as during inverse model calibration, sensitivity and uncertainty analyses, multimodel analysis, and development of optimal resource management scenarios.  相似文献   

Attempts to create ball lightning with triggered lightning     

Jonathan D. Hill  Martin A. Uman  Michael Stapleton  Douglas M. Jordan  Alexander M. Chebaro  Christopher J. Biagi 《Journal of Atmospheric and Solar》2010,72(13):913-925

We describe attempts to create ball lightning by directing lightning, triggered from natural thunderclouds using the rocket-and-wire technique, through a variety of materials. Some of the observed phenomena have features in common with natural ball lightning or with laboratory attempts to create it: flame-like luminosity for up to 0.5 s above salt water; constant-luminosity silicon fragments falling for about 1 s under the influence of gravity; a 0.7 m region of stationary luminosity whose bottom was 0.3 m above a stainless steel surface to which arcing had occurred; and a glow for about 0.5 s above pine tree sections.  相似文献   

Simulating the Taipei basin response by numerical modeling of wave propagation     

Joachim Miksat  Kuo-Liang Wen  Vladimir Sokolov  Chun-Te Chen  Friedemann Wenzel 《Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering》2010,8(4):847-858

Taipei, the capital of Taiwan, suffered from destructive earthquakes four times during the 20th century (M _L = 7.3 on April 15, 1909; M _L = 6.8 on November 15, 1986; the Chi–Chi M _L = 7.3 earthquake on September 21, 1999; and M _L = 6.8 on March 31, 2002). Analysis of recorded data shows a strong dependence of spectral amplification in the Taipei Basin on earthquake depth and azimuth. At low frequencies (f < 3 Hz) significant larger amplifications are observed for shallow earthquakes as compared to intermediate depth events. The former ones also display strong azimuthal dependence. As structures with large response periods such as bridges and tall buildings are sensitive to these low frequencies the understanding of the associated wave effects within the basin and their role for site effect amplification is critical. The tool we employ is 3D finite-difference modeling of wave propagation of incident wave fronts. The available detailed model of the basin allows studying the wave effects. Modeling clearly reveals that basin edge effects as observed in data are related to surface wave generation at the basin edges with a high degree of azimuthal dependency. The reproduced site amplification effects are in qualitative agreement with the observations from strong motion data.  相似文献   

Das Migmatitgebiet des „Winnebachgranits” (Ötztal-Tirol) als Beispiel einer petrotektonischen Analyse     

Hans Joachim Drong 《Mineralogy and Petrology》1959,7(1-2):1-69

Zusammenfassung Eine petrotektonische Untersuchung des Migmatits und Granits vom Winnebach und seiner Rahmengesteine ergibt, daß die flächigen und linearen Parallelgefüge im Granitisationsbereich Amplatzgefüge sind, die sich von denen des Rahmens lediglich durch weitere Ausgestaltung unterscheiden (z. B. statt flachwelliger Faltung in den Rahmengesteinen polytrope Migmatitfalten nach gleichorientierten B-Achsen), wobei die im Migmatit erfolgte Umkristallisation von Quarz, Feldspat und Glimmer insofern Abbildungskristallisation ist, als schon im Rahmengestein vorhandenes s erhalten bleibt. Vier verschiedene Deformationspläne werden unterschieden, die im gesamten Untersuchungsbereich immer wieder zu begegnen sind, während die einzelnen Homogenbereiche in bezug auf jeweils einen Plan sehr klein sind. Der bei Betrachtung der einzelnen Kleinbereiche nicht einen einheitlichen abc-Plan abbildenden, aber sehr symmetriekonstanten Formung von Hülle und Granit, steht die anhaltende Gefügebildung nach sämtlichen Einzelplänen in der Zeitspanne der Migmatisation gegenüber. Für einen Plan (P 1) wird eine zeitlich-räumliche Gliederung der Migmatisation wahrscheinlich gemacht. In Einzeluntersuchungen wird z. B. auf die Ermittlung von mit Glimmer besetzten Flächen in Quarz (S. 53 ff.) und auf bestimmtes, für tektonische Entmischung sprechendes Verhalten von Glimmer (S. 58 ff.) eingegangen.Mit 20 Textabbildungen, 7 Tafeln und 1 Kartenbeilage  相似文献   

Book reviews     

Hans Joachim Haubold 《Astrophysics and Space Science》1989,158(1):173-179

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Extinction and Sky Brightness at Two Solar Observatories     

M.J. Penn  H. Lin  A.M. Schmidt  J. Gerke  F. Hill 《Solar physics》2004,220(1):107-120

The Advanced Technology Solar Telescope site survey Sky Brightness Monitor simultaneously images the solar disk and the sky to about 8 solar radii in four wavelengths at 450, 530, 890 and 940 nm. One day of data from Mees Solar Observatory on Haleakala and from the National Solar Observatory at Sacramento Peak (Sunspot, New Mexico) are analyzed. Both sites show strong Rayleigh extinction, but while Haleakala shows a larger aerosol component, Sunspot shows a large variation in the aerosol component. Overall the Haleakala extinction varies as ^–2 whereas the Sunspot extinction changes from about ^–3.5 to about ^–2, suggesting an increasing aerosol component during the day. Water vapor absorption measurements from both sites are similar, though Sunspot shows larger time variations than Haleakala. The instrument-corrected sky brightness from both sites show comparable values, and again the Sunspot data show more variations. The sky brightness values show a radial dependence of sky brightness of r ^–0.1 at Haleakala, but a dependence of r ^–1.0 at Sunspot. The wavelength variation of the sky brightness at Haleakala is relatively constant at ^–1.5 but varies at Sunspot from ^–1.5 to ^–0.1 again suggesting an increasing aerosol contribution during the day at Sunspot. Finally, dust measurements near the ground are compared with the extinction wavelength exponent for data taken at Haleakala on 24 Feb. 2003. The measurements suggest more large dust particles are present near the ground than averaged over the whole air column.  相似文献   

The uniqueness of the Practical Salinity Scale (1978): testing thescale with natural seawaters     

Hill  K.D. Dauphinee  T.M. Woods  D.J. 《Oceanic Engineering, IEEE Journal of》1989,14(3):265-267

The scale provides a precisely defined, unambiguous method that is universally applicable to all waters for determining the practical salinity from measurements of conductivity, temperature, and pressure. In the terminology of standards, it is highly desirable to have a scale that is also unique. The authors questioned whether measurements performed on a particular water sample at different temperatures would lead to the same value of practical salinity. They have investigated this problem by examining the behavior of natural seawaters from several oceans and conclude that the PSS provides a unique scale for salinity measurements for these waters within the bounds ±0.001 in salinity  相似文献   

Book reviews     

Jiří Bičák  Hans Joachim Haubold 《Astrophysics and Space Science》1989,152(2):351-353

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Cretaceous–Tertiary Rhenodanubian flysch wedge (Eastern Alps): clues to sediment supply and basin configuration from zircon fission-track data     

Britta Trautwein  István Dunkl  Joachim Kuhlemann  & Wolfgang Frisch 《地学学报》2001,13(5):382-393

The provenance of Cenomanian to Eocene flysch deposits accreted along the northern margin of the Eastern Alps has been investigated by means of zircon fission-track (FT) geochronology and zircon morphology. The Rhenodanubian flysch and Ybbsitz klippen zone comprise several nappes representing the Main flysch and Laab basins. The Laab basin received sediments of stable European provenance, indicated by pre-Variscan, Variscan, and Permian–Triassic zircon FT ages, and was thus located in the immediate south of the European margin. The Main flysch basin was supplied mainly from the evolving Eastern Alps and was therefore situated south of the Laab basin. Zircon populations with Permian to Jurassic cooling ages in the Main flysch basin are related to increased heat fluxes during the break-up of Pangaea and are probably derived from the northwestern part of the Eastern Alps. The dominant Cretaceous zircon FT cooling ages reflect Eoalpine metamorphism in the Austroalpine realm.  相似文献   

ANOTHER VIEW OF THE SIXTEEN-MILLION-HOUR QUESTION     

A. David Hill 《The Professional geographer》1982,34(1):1-5

What and how we teach reflect personal views of our responsibilities in libera! education, and thus clarity about objectives is crucial to significant debate about teaching strategies. Learning liberal arts disciplines is the basic purpose of a curricular view of liberal education. With this view, our most significant teaching decisions concern the content of our discipline, and debate about teaching methods is relatively unimportant. Another and more comprehensive view considers not only disciplinary content but also development of cognitive styles and socio-psychological attributes that help the student continue to learn and contribute in a complex world. Teaching methods are matters of great importance with this view.  相似文献