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91.
Krijn P. Paaijmans Justine I. Blanford Robert G. Crane Michael E. Mann Liang Ning Kathleen V. Schreiber Matthew B. Thomas 《Climatic change》2014,125(3-4):479-488
The potential impact of climate warming on patterns of malaria transmission has been the subject of keen scientific and policy debate. Standard climate models (GCMs) characterize climate change at relatively coarse spatial and temporal scales. However, malaria parasites and the mosquito vectors respond to diurnal variations in conditions at very local scales. Here we bridge this gap by downscaling a series of GCMs to provide high-resolution temperature data for four different sites and show that although outputs from both the GCM and the downscaled models predict diverse but qualitatively similar effects of warming on the potential for adult mosquitoes to transmit malaria, the predicted magnitude of change differs markedly between the different model approaches. Raw GCM model outputs underestimate the effects of climate warming at both hot (3-fold) and cold (8–12 fold) extremes, and overestimate (3-fold) the change under intermediate conditions. Thus, downscaling could add important insights to the standard application of coarse-scale GCMs for biophysical processes driven strongly by local microclimatic conditions. 相似文献
92.
Oshan Taylor M. Wolf Levi J. Sachdeva Mehak Bardin Sarah Fotheringham A. Stewart 《Journal of Geographical Systems》2022,24(3):293-324
Journal of Geographical Systems - Scale is a central concept in the geographical sciences and is an intrinsic property of many spatial systems. It also serves as an essential thread in the fabric... 相似文献
93.
Clark E. Sherman Charles H. Fletcher Ken H. Rubin Kathleen R. Simmons Walter H. Adey 《Quaternary Research》2014
In situ Pleistocene reefs form a gently sloping nearshore terrace around the island of Oahu. TIMS Th–U ages of in situ corals indicate that most of the terrace is composed of reefal limestones correlating to Marine Oxygen Isotope Stage 7 (MIS 7, ~ 190–245 ka). The position of the in situ MIS 7 reef complex indicates that it formed during periods when local sea level was ~ 9 to 20 m below present sea level. Its extensiveness and geomorphic prominence as well as a paucity of emergent in situ MIS 7 reef-framework deposits on Oahu suggest that much of MIS 7 was characterized by regional sea levels below present. Later accretion along the seaward front of the terrace occurred during the latter part of MIS 5 (i.e., MIS 5a–5d, ~ 76–113 ka). The position of the late MIS 5 reefal limestones is consistent with formation during a period when local sea level was below present. The extensiveness of the submerged Pleistocene reefs around Oahu compared to the relative dearth of Holocene accretion is due to the fact that Pleistocene reefs had both more time and more accommodation space available for accretion than their Holocene counterparts. 相似文献
94.
Kathleen NICOLL 《《地质学报》英文版》2014,88(Z1):94-95
正1 Introduction The Great Salt Lake(GSL)is the defining hydrological feature of the Great Basin,North America’s largest desert--and it is the largest waterbody in the western USA.Despite the early(Eardley,1938)recognition of"bioherms,"algal layers,and mats covering hundreds of square km of lake area,these features have not been the 相似文献
95.
96.
97.
A neural-network approach to classification of sidescan-sonar imagery is tested on data from three distinct geoacoustic provinces of a midocean-ridge spreading center: axial valley, ridge flank, and sediment pond. The extraction of representative features from the sidescan imagery is analyzed, and the performance of several commonly used texture measures are compared in terms of classification accuracy using a backpropagation neural network. A suite of experiments compares the effectiveness of different feature vectors, the selection of training patterns, the configuration of the neural network, and two widely used statistical methods: Fisher-pairwise classifier and nearest-mean algorithm with Mahalanobis distance measure. The feature vectors compared here comprise spectral estimates, gray-level run length, spatial gray-level dependence matrix, and gray-level differences. The overall accurate classification rates using the best feature set for the three seafloor types are: sediment ponds, 85.9%; ridge flanks, 91.2%; and valleys, 80.1%. While most current approaches are statistical, the significant finding in this study is that high performance for seafloor classification in terms of accuracy and computation can be achieved using a neural network with the proper combination of texture features. These are preliminary results of our program toward the automated segmentation and classification of undersea terrain 相似文献
98.
R. D. Robinson R. T. Stewart N. R. Sheeley Jr. R. A. Howard J. Koomen D. J. Michels 《Solar physics》1986,105(1):149-171
An investigation is made to determine the relationship between a coronal mass ejection (CME) and the characteristics of associated metre-wave activity. It is found that (1) the CME width and leading edge velocity can be highly influential in determining the intensity, spectral complexity and frequency coverage of both type II and continuum bursts; (2) the presence of a CME is possibly a necessary condition for the production of a metric continuum event and (3) metric continuum bursts as well as intense, complex type II events are preferentially associated with strong, long lasting soft X-ray events. 相似文献
99.
100.
Annemarie Christophersen Nicola Litchfield Kelvin Berryman Richard Thomas Roberto Basili Laura Wallace William Ries Gavin P. Hayes Kathleen M. Haller Toshikazu Yoshioka Richard D. Koehler Dan Clark Monica Wolfson-Schwehr Margaret S. Boettcher Pilar Villamor Nick Horspool Teraphan Ornthammarath Ramon Zuñiga Robert M. Langridge Mark W. Stirling Tatiana Goded Carlos Costa Robert Yeats 《Natural Hazards》2015,79(1):111-135