Paléoclimat des Petites Antilles depuis 4000 ans BP : l'enregistrement de la lagune de Grand-Case à Saint-Martin     

Pascal Bertran  Dominique Bonnissent  Daniel Imbert  Pierre Lozouet  Nathalie Serrand  Christian Stouvenot 《Comptes Rendus Geoscience》2004,336(16):14

A 2.5-m-thick sequence of lake sediments at the Étang de Grand-Case, Saint Martin (French West Indies) is studied here. Significant hydrological budget fluctuations allows distinction of three main climatic periods: (1) an overall dry period (4200 BP–2300 BP), characterised by carbonated mud, gypsum and storm sand layers; (2) a wet phase (2300 BP–1150 BP) dominated by organic mud; and (3) a more complex phase (1150 BP to present), with detrital inputs due to human activities. Comparison with other regional high-resolution records shows that similar climate modifications typify the whole Mesoamerican and Caribbean area. The climatic phenomena that are implicated in the variations of both precipitation and hurricane frequency over the Lesser Antilles are due to the latitudinal displacement of the inter-tropical convergence zone. These data give new support to the hypothesis of the existence of a correlation between peopling phases and climate variations in the Caribbean as previously proposed by some archaeologists. To cite this article: P. Bertran et al., C. R. Geoscience 336 (2004).  相似文献   

Origin and evolution of fluids from mud volcanoes in the Barbados accretionary complex     

Arnaud Godon  Nathalie Jendrzejewski  Aline Dia  Jacques Boulègue 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》2004,68(9):2153-2165

A large collection of fluids (54 interstitial fluids and four expelled fluids) were sampled at the Manon site, at the outer edge of the Barbados accretionary complex. These warm fluids (up to 20°C) are expelled by sub-marine (5000 mbsl) mud volcanoes consisting of diapirs (unchanneled flow) and diatremes (channeled).Chlorine stable isotope ratios of these fluids were measured by IRMS with a reproducibility of ± 0.05‰ (1σ) versus SMOC (Standard Mean Ocean Chloride).A large range of δ³⁷Cl between −5.3‰ and +0.1‰ is observed. Data from each volcanic structure describe a mixing between seawater and a low-δ³⁷Cl fluid. The whole set of data is interpreted as the result of a mixing between two deep components and seawater. The two deep fluids are chemically distinct (e.g., in Ca, Mg, K, Li, Sr and Br contents and Br/Cl ratio). They display low and significantly different ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios (0.707790 and 0.707892, respectively) and δ³⁷Cl values (−4.51 and −5.24‰, respectively).Physicochemical processes such as mineralogical transformation, diffusion, compaction or ion filtration are known to fractionate chlorine stable isotopes and can produce fluids with negative δ³⁷Cl values. Ion filtration due to sediment compaction appears to be the more likely process to explain the negative δ³⁷Cl values observed at the Manon site. A model for the generation of these signatures is proposed where a residual negative δ³⁷Cl fluid reservoir is created at the bottom of the prism or the sediment pile. Further compaction/fracturing and/or dewatering of the slab may flush out these fluids and focus them towards the décollement zone. Mixing between the fluids and ultimately with seawater and water released during gas hydrate destabilizations may explain the data set within the individual cores and between the different structures.  相似文献   

Multivariate Analysis of Incomplete Mapped Data     

Stéphane Dray  Nathalie Pettorelli  Daniel Chessel 《Transactions in GIS》2003,7(3):411-422

Classical multivariate analyses are based on matrix algebra and enable the analysis of a table containing measurements of a set of variables for a set of sites. Incomplete mapped data consist of measurements of a set of variables recorded for the same geographical region but for different zonal systems and with only a partial sampling of this zone. This kind of data cannot be analysed with usual multivariate methods because there is no common system of sites for all variables. We propose a new approach using GIS technology and NIPALS, an iterative multivariate method, to analyse the spatial patterns of this kind of data. Moreover, an extension of our method is that it can be used for areal interpolation purposes. We illustrate the method in analysing data concerning the distribution of roe deer weights over several years in a reserve.  相似文献   

PP amplitude bias caused by interface scattering: are diffracted waves guilty?     

Nathalie Favretto-Cristini  Eric de Bazelaire 《Geophysical Prospecting》2003,51(2):99-116

This paper is concerned with the problem of interpretation of anomalous seismic amplitudes, induced by the amplitude‐scattering phenomenon. This phenomenon occurs in the vicinity of a crack distribution at the interface between elastic layers. The purpose of this work is to obtain a better understanding of the physics of this distinctive phenomenon, in order to interpret correctly the amplitudes of the reflected events. By analogy with studies in optics and in acoustics, we suggest that diffraction is widely involved in the amplitude‐scattering phenomenon. Analytical evaluation of the amount of energy carried by the reflected and the diffracted waves shows that neglecting diffraction in numerical models leads to local underestimation of the amplitude of waves reflected at interfaces with gas‐filled crack distribution.  相似文献   

Découverte de niveaux phosphatés associés à des restes de vertébrés dans les dépôts carbonatés du Coniacien–Santonien du Jabal Abtar : épisode précoce de la phosphatogenèse sénonienne des Palmyrides (Syrie centrale)     

A Khaled Al Maleh  Nathalie Bardet 《Comptes Rendus Geoscience》2003,335(4):391-400

Sedimentologic study of carbonated sediments of the Rmah-I member (Coniacian–Santonian) of Jabal Abtar, central southern Palmyrides (Central Syria), uncovers phosphatic levels, associated with marine vertebrate remains, that give evidence of an early episode of the Senonian phosphatogenesis in the Palmyrides. Sedimentary sequence analysis reveals a gradual marine transgression during the Senonian. Phosphatic sedimentation occurred in a shallow neritic marine environment almost connected with the open sea. Condensed sedimentation could have contributed to the phosphatogenesis. To cite this article: A.K. Al Maleh, N. Bardet, C. R. Geoscience 335 (2003).  相似文献   

Estimates of Horizontal Groundwater Flow Velocities in Boreholes     

Martí Bayer-Raich  Anthony Credoz  Jordi Guimerà  Salvador Jordana  Diego Sampietro  Jordi Font-Capó  Nathalie Nief  Matthieu Grossemy 《Ground water》2019,57(4):525-533

Currently, monitoring tools can be deployed in observation boreholes to better assess groundwater flow, flux of dissolved contaminants and their mass discharge in an aquifer. The relationship between horizontal water velocity in observation boreholes and Darcy fluxes in the surrounding aquifer has been studied for natural flow conditions (i.e., no pumping). Interpretation of measurements taken with dilution tests, the colloidal borescope, the Heat Pulse Flowmeter, and other techniques require the conversion of observed borehole velocity u to aquifer Darcy flux q_∞ . This conversion is typically done through a proportionality factor α = u/q_∞ . In experimental studies as well as in theoretical developments, reported values of α vary almost three orders of magnitude (from 0.5 to 10). This large variability in reported values of α could be explained by: (1) unclear distinction between Darcy flux and water seepage velocity, (2) unclear definition of water velocity in the borehole, (3) effects of well screen and the presence of the measurement device itself on the observable velocities, and (4) hydraulic conditions in the borehole annulus. We address (1), (2) from a conceptual/theoretical perspective, and (3) by means of numerical simulations. We show that issue (1) in low porosity aquifers can yield to order-of-magnitude discrepancies in estimates of q_∞ ; (2) may result in discrepancies of up to 50%, and (3) can cause differences up to 20% of water velocity in the borehole void space compared to the theoretical case of an open borehole.  相似文献   

Performance of the LandSoil expert-based model to map erosion and sedimentation: application to a cultivated catchment in central Belgium     

Vincent Cantreul  Nathalie Pineux  Gilles Swerts  Charles Bielders  Aurore Degré 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2020,45(6):1376-1391

Intensive agricultural practices on sensitive soils induce high erosion rates in central Belgium. Expert-rules models quantify runoff and erosion at catchment scale, avoiding over-parameterization, and can include some direct or indirect connectivity features. The aim of this article is to test the ability of an expert-based model, LandSoil, to quantify runoff and to locate erosion and sedimentation areas in a small cultivated loamy catchment in Belgium during the years 2014, 2015 and 2016. Spatialized data are important for assessing model outputs and the erosive response. Measurements of runoff and observation of spatial erosion/deposition patterns, especially around major connectivity points, permitted an assessment of the reliability of the model results. Runoff modelling gave contrasting results (good linear adjustment at the outlet of the 83 ha sub-catchment (point 1): r² of 0.96, Nash–Sutcliffe criterion of 0.95; less good at the outlet of the 3.9 ha sub-catchment (point 2): r² of 0.28, Nash–Sutcliffe criterion of –0.47). For point 2 the poor results are explained by the very few runoff events observed, a scaling effect and the small area with a single land use. Graduated rulers demonstrate that the model is able to provide a coherent pattern of erosion/deposition. The study highlights great sensitivity to the effect of land use, land allocation, landscape design and slope gradients. Grass strips induce deposition of eroded particles when slopes are gentle (< 2%). Woodland strips decrease connectivity by being in the stream but deposit thinner sediment layers. Field boundaries have a role in the transport, but not really the quantity, of sediments. This model validation in the Belgian loess context allows us to use LandSoil in other similar environments in order to estimate the effects of landscape management scenarios. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Simulation of the 2004 tsunami of Les Saintes in Guadeloupe (Lesser Antilles) using new source constraints     

Cordrie  Louise  Gailler  Audrey  Escartin  Javier  Feuillet  Nathalie  Heinrich  Philippe 《Natural Hazards》2020,103(2):2103-2129

Natural Hazards - The arc of the Lesser Antilles is associated with a significant tectonic activity due to the subduction of the Atlantic oceanic plate under the Caribbean plate. Earthquakes in...  相似文献   

δ15N and δ13C in the Mondego estuary food web: Seasonal variation in producers and consumers     

Alexandra Baeta  Rute Pinto  Ivan Valiela  Pierre Richard  Nathalie Niquil  João C. Marques 《Marine environmental research》2009,67(3):109-116

Assessments of temporal variation in stable carbon and nitrogen ratios were used to examine seasonal trends of the water column and benthic food webs in the Mondego estuary (Portugal). There was a marked seasonality in weather and water column conditions, including nutrient supply and chlorophyll concentrations. In spite of the pronounced environmental changes, we found little evidence of seasonal variation in δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N of producers and consumers in the Mondego estuary, with a few notable exceptions. Nitrogen isotope ratios in macrophytes (Zostera noltii, Ulva sp., Enteromorpha sp., and Gracilaria sp.), and in two grazers (Idotea chelipes and Lekanesphaera levii) increased during late summer, with the highest δ¹⁵N values being measured in July, during a period of elevated temperatures and drought, which may have favored high rates of denitrification and heavier δ¹⁵N values. The results suggest that stable-isotope values from macrophytes and selected grazers are useful as tracers of seasonal changes in nitrogen inputs into estuaries, and that those of consumers reflect other factors beyond seasonal variations in N and C sources.  相似文献   

Tectonic shortening and gravitational spreading in the Gulf of Cadiz accretionary wedge: Observations from multi-beam bathymetry and seismic profiling     

Marc-André Gutscher  Stephane Dominguez  Graham K. Westbrook  Pascal Gente  Nathalie Babonneau  Thierry Mulder  Eliane Gonthier  Rafael Bartolome  Joaquim Luis  Filipe Rosas  Pedro Terrinha 《Marine and Petroleum Geology》2009,26(5):647-659

The Gulf of Cadiz lies astride the complex plate boundary between Africa and Eurasia west of the Betic-Rif mountain belt. We report on the results of recent bathymetric swathmapping and multi-channel seismic surveys carried out here. The seafloor is marked by contrasting morphological provinces, spanning the SW Iberian and NW Moroccan continental margins, abyssal plains and an elongate, arcuate, accretionary wedge. A wide variety of tectonic and gravitational processes appear to have shaped these structures. Active compressional deformation of the wedge is suggested by folding and thrusting of the frontal sedimentary layers as well as basal duplexing in deeper internal units. There is evidence for simultaneous gravitational spreading occurring upslope. The very shallow mean surface and basal slopes of the accretionary wedge (1° each) indicate a very weak decollement layer, geometrically similar to the Mediterranean Ridge accretionary complex. Locally steep slopes (up to 10°) indicate strongly focused, active deformation and potential gravitational instabilities. The unusual surface morphology of the upper accretionary wedge includes “raft-tectonics” type fissures and abundant sub-circular depressions. Dissolution and/or diapiric processes are proposed to be involved in the formation of these depressions.  相似文献