Gamma rays from colliding winds of massive stars     

Anita Reimer  Olaf Reimer  Martin Pohl 《Astrophysics and Space Science》2007,309(1-4):351-357

Colliding winds of massive binaries have long been considered as potential sites of non-thermal high-energy photon production. This is motivated by the detection of non-thermal spectra in the radio band, as well as by correlation studies of yet unidentified EGRET γ-ray sources with source populations appearing in star formation regions. This work re-considers the basic radiative processes and its properties that lead to high energy photon production in long-period massive star systems. We show that Klein–Nishina effects as well as the anisotropic nature of the inverse Compton scattering, the dominating leptonic emission process, likely yield spectral and variability signatures in the γ-ray domain at or above the sensitivity of current or upcoming gamma ray instruments like GLAST-LAT. In addition to all relevant radiative losses, we include propagation (such as convection in the stellar wind) as well as photon absorption effects, which a priori can not be neglected. The calculations are applied to WR 140 and WR 147, and predictions for their detectability in the γ-ray regime are provided. Physically similar specimen of their kind like WR 146, WR 137, WR 138, WR 112 and WR 125 may be regarded as candidate sources at GeV energies for near-future γ-ray experiments. Finally, we discuss several aspects relevant for eventually identifying this source class as a γ-ray emitting population. Thereby we utilize our findings on the expected radiative behavior of typical colliding wind binaries in the γ-ray regime as well as its expected spatial distribution on the γ-ray sky.  相似文献   

Beiträge zur Entwicklung der Kriegsgeologie     

Major a. D. Dr. Walter Kranz 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》1934,25(3):194-201

Ohne ZusammenfassungTeil I (Einleitung) und II (England) vgl. Geol. Rundschau,11, 1920, S. 329–349.  相似文献   

High-pressure synthesis,long-term stability of single crystals of diboron trioxide,B<Subscript>2</Subscript>O<Subscript>3</Subscript>, and an empirical electronic polarizability of <Superscript>[3]</Superscript>B<Superscript>3+</Superscript>     

Manfred Burianek  Johannes Birkenstock  Philipp Mair  Volker Kahlenberg  Olaf Medenbach  Robert D. Shannon  Reinhard X. Fischer 《Physics and Chemistry of Minerals》2016,43(7):527-534

Single crystals of B₂O₃ are needed for the precise determination of the refractive indices used to calculate the electronic polarizability α of 3-coordinated boron. The α(B) values in turn are used to predict mean refractive indices of borate minerals. Since the contribution of boron to the total polarizability of a mineral is very low, the synthetic compound B₂O₃ represents an ideal model system because of its high molar content of boron. Millimeter-sized crystals were synthesized at 1 GPa in a piston-cylinder apparatus. The samples were heated above the liquidus (800 °C), subsequently cooled at 15 °C/h to 500 °C and finally quenched. The refractive indices were determined by the immersion method using a microrefractometer spindle stage. The refractive indices n _o = 1.653 (3) and n _e = 1.632 (3) correspond to a total polarizability for B₂O₃ of α = 4.877 Å³. These values were used to determine the electronic polarizability of boron of α(B) = 0.16 Å³. Although the surface of the B₂O₃ crystals was coated with a hydrous film immediately after being exposed to air, its bulk crystallinity is retained for a period of at least 2 months.  相似文献   

Six temperature and precipitation regimes of the contiguous United States between 1895 and 2010: a statistical inference study     

Samuel S. P. Shen  Olaf Wied  Alexander Weithmann  Tobias Regele  Barbara A. Bailey  Jay H. Lawrimore 《Theoretical and Applied Climatology》2016,125(1-2):197-211

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Development of approaches for modelling coupled thermal–hydraulic–mechanical–chemical processes in single granite fracture experiments     

Alexander E. Bond  Ivan Bruský  Neil Chittenden  Xia-Ting Feng  Olaf Kolditz  Philipp Lang  Renchao Lu  Christopher McDermott  Ivars Neretnieks  Peng-Zhi Pan  Jan Šembera  Hua Shao  Hide Yasuhara  Hong Zheng 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2016,75(19):1313

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Thermo-hydro-mechanical analysis of cement-based sensible heat stores for domestic applications     

Xing-Yuan Miao  Christof Beyer  Uwe-Jens Görke  Olaf Kolditz  Henok Hailemariam  Thomas Nagel 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2016,75(18):1293

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Use of a parsimonious rainfall–run‐off model for predicting hydrological response in ungauged basins          下载免费PDF全文

Thomas Skaugen  Ivar Olaf Peerebom  Anna Nilsson 《水文研究》2015,29(8):1999-2013

A new parameter parsimonious rainfall–run‐off model, the Distance Distribution Dynamics (DDD) model, is used to simulate hydrological time series at ungauged sites in the Lygne basin in Norway. The model parameters were estimated as functions of catchment characteristics determined by geographical information system. The multiple regression equations relating catchment characteristics and model parameters were trained from 84 calibrated catchments located all over Norway, and all model parameters showed significant correlations with catchment characteristics. The significant correlation coefficients (with p‐value < 0.05) ranged from 0.22 to 0.55. The suitability of DDD for predictions in ungauged basins was tested for 17 catchments not used to estimate the multiple regression equations. For ten of the 17 catchments, deviations in Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE) criteria between the calibrated and regionalised model were less than 0.1, and for two calibrated catchments within the Lygne basin, the deviations were less than 0.08. The median NSE for the regionalized DDD for the 17 catchments for two time series was 0.66 and 0.72. Deviations in NSE between calibrated and regionalised models are well explained by the deviations between calibrated and regressed parameters describing spatial snow distribution and snowmelt respectively. The quality of the simulated run‐off series for the ungauged sites in the Lygne basin was assessed by comparing flow indices describing high, medium and low flow estimated from observed run‐off at the 17 catchments and for the simulated run‐off series. The indices estimated for the simulated series were generally well within the ranges defined by the 17 observed series. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Multipole borehole acoustic theory: Source imbalances and the effects of an elastic logging tool     

Tim W. Geerits  Xiaoming Tang  Olaf Hellwig  Thomas Bohlen 《Journal of Applied Geophysics》2010,70(2):113-143

In recent years the emphasis in acoustic logging has been shifting from the wireline to the Logging While Drilling (LWD) environment, the latter being far different from the former in that both tool rigidity and tool radius are considerably greater. In this paper we present a generic mathematical formulation for the multipole borehole acoustic measurement (alternate and equal polarity case), including a detailed analysis on the effects of multipole source amplitude imbalances. It is shown that source imbalance induced mode contaminants have excitation amplitudes that are scaled by the sum of the relative source imbalances between diametrically opposed sources. Furthermore it is shown that for mode contaminants with odd modal number there can be a significant offset in the associated directivity pattern, even at low levels of source imbalance. However, it is also shown that source imbalance induced mode contaminants can be completely eliminated if the multipole source is accompanied with a ‘vertically’ (but not azimuthally) offset multipole receiver. Mathematically, it is demonstrated (for a centered tool) that a polarity weighted stack of these multipole receivers completely eliminates the source imbalance induced mode contaminants. Excitation amplitudes and phase slowness of borehole guided modes are presented for the most common excitation regimes, i.e., monopole, dipole, quadrupole and the hexapole excitation, the latter one showing to have the advantage of a higher formation shear cut-off frequency than the quadrupole mode. Special emphasis will be on the analysis of the dipole excitation and the differences that occur due to variations in tool rigidity, tool diameter and (isotropic) formation properties with the resulting conclusion that a formation flexural mode is not observable as a result of a LWD dipole excitation (this opposed to its dipole wireline counterpart). The guided mode excitation amplitudes are calculated as residues using a Laurent series expansion. This (unconventional) way of calculating the residue has the advantage that it is independent of the pole order, does not require the numerical evaluation of derivatives with respect to the vertical wavenumber and allows for an accurate and efficient FFT implementation.  相似文献   

Magnetostratigraphy of deep drilling core SG-1 in the western Qaidam Basin (NE Tibetan Plateau) and its tectonic implications   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Weilin Zhang  Erwin Appel  Xiaomin Fang  Chunhui Song  Olaf Cirpka 《Quaternary Research》2012,78(1):139-148

The Qaidam Basin is the largest intermontane basin of the northeastern Tibetan Plateau and contains a continuous Cenozoic sequence of lacustrine sediments. A ~ 1000-m-deep drilling (SG-1) with an average core recovery of ~ 95% was carried out in the depocenter of the Chahansilatu playa (sub-depression) in the western Qaidam Basin, aimed to obtain a high-resolution record of the paleoenvironmental evolution and the erosion history. Stepwise alternating field and thermal demagnetization, together with rock magnetic results, revealed a stable remanent magnetization for most samples, carried by magnetite. The polarity sequence consisted of 16 normal and 15 reverse zones which can be correlated with chrons 1n to 2An of the global geomagnetic polarity time scale. Magnetostratigraphic results date the entire core SG-1 at ~ 2.77 Ma to ~ 0.1 Ma and yielded sediment accumulation rate (SAR) ranging from 26.1 cm/ka to 51.5 cm/ka. Maximum SARs occurred within the intervals of ~ 2.6–2.2 Ma and after ~ 0.8 Ma, indicating two episodes of erosion, which we relate to pulse tectonic uplift of the NE Tibetan Plateau with subsequent global cooling.  相似文献   

Evaluation of thermal equations of state for CO2 in numerical simulations     

Norbert B?ttcher  Joshua Taron  Olaf Kolditz  Chan-Hee Park  Rudolf Liedl 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2012,67(2):481-495

Three commonly used thermal equations of state for carbon dioxide, as well as the ideal gas law, have been compared against a large number of measurement data taken from the literature. Complex equations of state reach a higher accuracy than simple ones. The inaccuracy of the density function can cause large errors in fluid property correlations, such as heat capacity or viscosity. The influence of this inaccuracy on the results of numerical simulations have been evaluated by two examples: The first one assumes isothermal gas expansion from a volume, while the second one considers heat transport along a fracture. For both examples, different equations of state have been utilized. The simulations have been performed on the scientific software platform OpenGeoSys. The difference among the particular simulation results is significant. Apparently small errors in the density function can cause considerably different results of otherwise identical simulation setups.  相似文献