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11.
C. B. Peres A. C. Fabian A. C. Edge S. W. Allen R. M. Johnstone & D. A. White 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》1998,298(2):416-432
This is the first part of a study of the detailed X-ray properties of the cores of nearby clusters. We have used the flux-limited sample of 55 clusters listed by Edge et al., and archival and proprietary data from the ROSAT observatory. In this paper an X-ray spatial analysis based on the surface-brightness-deprojection technique is applied to the clusters in the sample with the aim of studying their cooling flow properties. We determine the fraction of cooling flows in this sample to be 70–90 per cent, and estimate the contribution of the flow region to the cluster X-ray luminosity. We show that the luminosity within a strong cooling flow can account for up to 70 per cent of a cluster X-ray bolometric luminosity. Our analysis indicates that about 40 per cent of the clusters in the sample have flows depositing more than 100 M⊙ yr−1 throughout the cooling region, and that these possibly have been undisturbed for many Gyr, confirming that cooling flows are the natural state of cluster cores. New cooling flows in the sample are presented, and previously ambiguous ones are clarified. We have constructed a catalogue of some intracluster medium properties for the clusters in this sample. The profiles of the mass deposited from cooling flows are analysed, and evidence is presented for the existence of breaks in some of the profiles. Comparison is made to recent optical and radio data. We cross-correlate our sample with the Green Bank, NVSS and FIRST surveys, and with the volume-limited sample of brightest cluster galaxies presented by Lauer &38; Postman. Although weak trends exist, no strong correlation between optical magnitude or radio power of the brightest cluster galaxy and the strength of the flow is found. 相似文献
12.
Andrews José de Lucena Otto Corrêa Rotunno Filho José Ricardo de Almeida França Leonardo de Faria Peres Luciano Nóbrega Rodrigues Xavier 《Theoretical and Applied Climatology》2013,111(3-4):497-511
This paper aims to map the thermal field in the metropolitan region of Rio de Janeiro (MARJ) considering the atmospheric characteristics and the land use that contribute to understanding the urban heat island. Three thermal maps are defined through the use of Landsat5-TM satellite images for three winter events chosen for the decades of 1980, 1990, and 2000, respectively. The results reveal a concentration of warmer cores in urban central areas as well as some local warmer areas in suburban region. Sites with lower temperatures correspond to vegetated areas which are away from the central part of the MARJ, including points of suburban areas. This work emphasizes the importance of the combined analysis of surface temperature with land use and atmospheric conditions, depicting a distinct pattern of heat islands for tropical climate. 相似文献
13.
L. Golub E. DeLuca G. Austin J. Bookbinder D. Caldwell P. Cheimets J. Cirtain M. Cosmo P. Reid A. Sette M. Weber T. Sakao R. Kano K. Shibasaki H. Hara S. Tsuneta K. Kumagai T. Tamura M. Shimojo J. McCracken J. Carpenter H. Haight R. Siler E. Wright J. Tucker H. Rutledge M. Barbera G. Peres S. Varisco 《Solar physics》2007,243(1):63-86
The X-ray Telescope (XRT) of the Hinode mission provides an unprecedented combination of spatial and temporal resolution in solar coronal studies. The high sensitivity
and broad dynamic range of XRT, coupled with the spacecraft’s onboard memory capacity and the planned downlink capability
will permit a broad range of coronal studies over an extended period of time, for targets ranging from quiet Sun to X-flares.
This paper discusses in detail the design, calibration, and measured performance of the XRT instrument up to the focal plane.
The CCD camera and data handling are discussed separately in a companion paper. 相似文献
14.
The two-temperature method (TTM) is known to be sensitive to noise, and therefore, land-surface temperature (LST) and emissivity (LSE) retrievals based on TTM are in general not reliable when obtained by algebraic procedures. Accordingly, the added value of using TTM together with a nonlinear mathematical optimization approach is investigated, focusing on the effect that an increase in the temperature difference as well as in the number of observations might have on LST and LSE retrievals. TTM has provided values of LST and LSE with a bias (root mean square error) ranging from 0.1-0.4 K (2.1-2.8 K) and from 0.005-0.010 (0.040-0.055), respectively. Obtained results were almost the same for both well-determined and overdetermined cases, as well as for the considered temperature differences, suggesting that increasing the number of observations and the temperature difference does not lead to significant improvements on the results. On the other hand, it was found out that a greater temperature difference between the first and the last observation acts like a natural constraint by restricting the solutions to a narrower region. In this case, the estimated LST and LSE values do not strongly depend upon the initial guess, and therefore, the use of several initial guess vectors may be avoided, turning TTM computationally more efficient. 相似文献
15.
The two-temperature method (TTM) allows the separation of land-surface temperature and land-surface emissivity information from radiance measurements, and therefore, the solution can be uniquely determined by the data. However, the inverse problem is still an ill-posed problem, since the solution does not depend continuously on the data. Accordingly, we have used some mathematical tools, which are suited for analyses of ill-posed problems in order to show TTM properties, evaluate it, and optimize its estimations. Related to this last point, we have shown that it is necessary to constrain the problem, either by defining a region of physically admissible solutions and/or by using regularization methods, in order to obtain stable results. Besides, the results may be improved by using TTM with systems that possess a high temporal resolution, as well as by acquiring observations near the maximum and minimum of the diurnal temperature range. 相似文献
16.
Landslides - Rainfall intensity-duration landslide-triggering thresholds have become widespread for the development of landslide early warning systems. Thresholds can be in principle determined... 相似文献
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18.
Fernanda Michalski Jean Paul Metzger Carlos A. Peres 《Global Environmental Change》2010,20(4):705-712
Deforestation in Brazilian Amazonia accounts for a disproportionate global scale fraction of both carbon emissions from biomass burning and biodiversity erosion through habitat loss. Here we use field- and remote-sensing data to examine the effects of private landholding size on the amount and type of forest cover retained within economically active rural properties in an aging southern Amazonian deforestation frontier. Data on both upland and riparian forest cover from a survey of 300 rural properties indicated that 49.4% (SD = 29.0%) of the total forest cover was maintained as of 2007, and that property size is a key regional-scale determinant of patterns of deforestation and land-use change. Small properties (≤150 ha) retained a lower proportion of forest (20.7%, SD = 17.6) than did large properties (>150 ha; 55.6%, SD = 27.2). Generalized linear models showed that property size had a positive effect on remaining areas of both upland and total forest cover. Using a Landsat time-series, the age of first clear-cutting that could be mapped within the boundaries of each property had a negative effect on the proportion of upland, riparian, and total forest cover retained. Based on these data, we show contrasts in land-use strategies between smallholders and largeholders, as well as differences in compliance with legal requirements in relation to minimum forest cover set-asides within private landholdings. This suggests that property size structure must be explicitly considered in landscape-scale conservation planning initiatives guiding agro-pastoral frontier expansion into remaining areas of tropical forest. 相似文献
19.
B. Schmieder G. Peres S. Enome R. Falciani P. Heinzel J. C. Hénoux J. Mariska F. Reale M. L. Rilee B. Rompolt K. Shibasaki A. V. Stepanov J. P. Wülser D. Zarro V. Zharkova 《Solar physics》1994,153(1-2):55-72
We report findings concerning energy transport and dynamics in flares during the impulsive and gradual phases based on new ground-based and space observations (notably fromYohkoh). A preheating sometimes occurs during the impulsive phase. Caxix line shifts are confirmed to be good tracers of bulk plasma motions, although strong blue shifts are not as frequent as previously claimed. They often appear correlated with hard X-rays but, forsome events, the concept that electron beams provide the whole energy input to the thermal component seems not to apply. Theory now yields: new diagnostics of low-energy proton and electron beams; accurate hydrodynamical modeling of pulse beam heating of the atmosphere; possible diagnostics of microflares (based on X-ray line ratio or on loop variability); and simulated images of chromospheric evaporation fronts. For the gradual phase, the continual reorganization of magnetic field lines over active regions determines where and when magnetic reconnection, the mechanism favoured for energy release, will occur. Spatial and temporal fragmentation of the energy release, observed at different wavelengths, is considered to be a factor as well in energy transport and plasma dynamics.Report of Team 4, Flares 22 Workshop, Ottawa, May 25–28, 1993. 相似文献
20.
Giovanni Peres 《Solar physics》1989,121(1-2):289-298
This paper discusses the hydrodynamic modeling of flaring plasma confined in magnetic loops and its objectives within the broader scope of flare physics. In particular, the Palermo-Harvard model is discussed along with its applications to the detailed fitting of X-ray light curves of solar flares and to the simulation of high-resolution Ca xix spectra in the impulsive phase. These two approaches provide complementary constraints on the relevant features of solar flares. The extension to the stellar case, with the fitting of the light curve of an X-ray flare which occurred on Proxima Centauri, demonstrates the feasibility of using this kind of model for stars too. Although the stellar observations do not provide the wealth of details available for the Sun, and, therefore, constrain the model more loosely, there are strong motivations to pursue this line of research: the wider range of physical parameters in stellar flares and the possibility of studying further the solar-stellar connection. 相似文献