Permanent versus temporary rural migrants in Riyadh,Saudi Arabia     

Khraif RM 《GeoJournal》1992,26(3):363-370

"The aim of this paper is to investigate the factors affecting intentions of rural-migrants to return to their rural origins. Several socioeconomic, demographic, spatial, and temporal variables will be introduced to explore their explanatory power and interrelationship with the migrants' intentions. These variables are: Years lived in Riyadh, the current place of parents' residency, land ownership in the village, home ownership in the urban area, income, household size, and the area of origin. The data, which come from a sample survey of migrants conducted in Riyadh in 1983, will be analyzed by the means of binary logit model."  相似文献   

Effect of temperature and size on metallothionein synthesis in the gill of Mytilus galloprovincialis exposed to cadmium     

Serafim MA  Company RM  Bebianno MJ  Langston WJ 《Marine environmental research》2002,54(3-5):361-365

Although the degree of metal contamination is expected to be a primary determinant of metallothionein (MT) induction in marine mussels, at least at polluted sites, variability caused by temperature, and biotic factors such as size, may need to be considered when interpreting field data. To test the effects of these variables, mussels, Mytilus galloprovincialis, of different sizes (small: 3.5 +/- 0.5 cm and large: 5.2 +/- 0.7 cm) were exposed to Cd (100 microg l(-1)) at different water temperatures (5, 18 and 25 degrees C) for 34 days. Resultant Cd and MT concentrations in gills were shown to be size dependent and increased significantly with temperature. At the highest temperature tested (25 degrees C) there appears to be a disproportionate effect on Cd accumulation, which raises MT synthesis to exceptionally high levels. The effect of size on MT concentrations was also temperature-dependent: at 18 and 25 degrees C, large mussels exhibited higher MT levels than smaller individuals, whilst at 5 degrees C there were no significant differences between contaminated and control mussels, in either size-group, as a result of the reduced level of MT production at this temperature. When considering the use of MT levels in mussels as a biochemical indicator of metal contamination, the potential influence of factors such as size and temperature on MT-metal relationships needs to be considered. Samples should be of uniform size as far as possible, and collection should be limited to a fixed season (avoiding climatic extremes) to ensure that the effects of these factors on baseline levels of MT is minimised.  相似文献   

A model for the evolution of CO2 on Mars     

Haberle RM  Tyler D  McKay CP  Davis WL 《Icarus》1994,109(1):102-120

We have constructed a model that predicts the evolution of CO2 on Mars from the end of the heavy bombardment period to the present. The model draws on published estimates of the main processes believed to affect the fate of CO2 during this period: chemical weathering, regolith uptake, polar cap formation, and atmospheric escape. Except for escape, the rate at which these processes act is controlled by surface temperatures which we calculate using a modified version of the Gierasch and Toon energy balance model (1973, J. Atmos. Sci. 30, 1502-1508). The modifications account for the change in solar luminosity with time, the greenhouse effect, and a polar and solar equatorial energy budget. Using published estimates for the main parameters, we find no evolutionary scenario in which CO2 is capable of producing a warm (global mean temperatures>250 K) and wet (surface pressures>30 mbar) early climate, and then evolves to present conditions with approximately 7 mbar in the atmosphere, <300 mbar in the regolith, and <5 mbar in the caps. Such scenarios would only exist if the early sun were brighter than standard solar models suggest, if greenhouse gases other than CO2 were present in the early atmosphere, or if the polar albedo were significantly lower than 0.75. However, these scenarios generally require the storage of large amounts of CO2 (>1 bar) in the carbonate reservoir. If the warm and wet early Mars constraint is relaxed, then we find best overall agreement with present day reservoirs for initial CO2 inventories of 0.5-1.0 bar. We also find that the polar caps can a profound effect on how the system evolves. If the initial amount of CO2 is less than some critical value, then there is not enough heating of the poles to prevent permanent caps from forming. Once formed, these caps control how the system evolves, because they set the surface pressure and, hence, the thermal environment. If the initial amount of CO2 is greater than this critical value, then caps do not form initially, but can form later on, when weathering and escape lower the surface pressure to a point at which polar heating is no longer sufficient to prevent cap formation and the collapse of the climate system. Our modeling suggests this critical initial amount of CO2 is between 1 and 2 bar, but its true value will depend on all factors affecting the polar heat budget.  相似文献   

Temporal trends of Aroclor 1268 in the Taunton River estuary: evidence of early production, use and release to the environment     

Cantwell MG  King J  Burgess RM 《Marine pollution bulletin》2006,52(9):1105-1111

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Distribution of butyltins in the waters and sediments along the coast of India     

Garg A  Meena RM  Jadhav S  Bhosle NB 《Marine pollution bulletin》2011,62(2):423-642

Water and surface sediment samples were analyzed for butyltins (TBT, DBT, MBT) from various ports along the east and west coast of India. The total butyltin (TB) in water samples varied between ∼1.7 and 342 ng Sn l⁻¹, whereas for sediments it varied between below detection limit to 14861 ng Sn g⁻¹ dry weight of sediment. On an average Chennai port recorded the highest level of butyltins in the sediments while Paradip recorded the highest level of butylins in the waters. A fairly good relationship between the TB in the sediment and overlying water samples, as well as between organic carbon and TB, implicates the importance of adsorption/desorption process in controlling the levels of TBT in these port areas. In India the data on organotin pollution is very sparse; most of the port areas have been surveyed for butyltins for the first time during this study.  相似文献   

Distribution, magnitude and characterization of the toxicity of Ukrainian estuarine sediments     

Burgess RM  Konovets IM  Kipnis LS  Lyashenko AV  Grintsov VA  Petrov AN  Terletskaya AV  Milyukin MV  Povolotskii MI  Demchenko VY  Bogoslovskaya TA  Topkin YV  Vorobyova TV  Portis LM  Ho KT 《Marine pollution bulletin》2011,62(11):2442-2462

During the Soviet era, Ukraine was an important industrial and agricultural region of the Soviet Union. This industrial and agricultural activity resulted in contamination of Ukraine’s estuaries with legacy anthropogenic pollutants. Investigations on the toxicological effects of this estuarine contamination have been limited. For this research, we measured the toxicity of contaminated sediments from four Ukrainian estuaries to several aquatic organisms over 3 years. Sediment chemical analyses and whole sediment toxicity identification evaluations (TIEs) were also performed to determine the classes of contaminants contributing to toxicity. Toxic sediments were observed in several of the Ukrainian estuaries and chemical analyses of the sediments demonstrated anthropogenic contaminants were widely distributed. Contaminants were also detected in macrobenthic organisms collected from the sediments. Several lines of evidence, including TIEs, indicated hydrophobic organic chemicals (HOCs) were contributing substantially to observed toxicity. This information can guide environmental managers to prioritize portions of the estuaries requiring remediation.  相似文献   

巴西Mians Gerais,Conselheiro Lafaiete,Morro Da Mina矿床Mn—Si—A…     

Fema.  RM 白冶 《国外矿床地质》1995,(4):62-63

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近景摄影测量的影像记录系统     

Luhma.  T 李小鹏 《武测译文》1992,(3):46-52

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加拿大LITHOPROBE地震反射资料显示的大陆地壳结构变化性     

Clow.  RM 金东淳 《世界地质》1994,13(1):136-147

岩石圈断面计划（ＬＩＴＨＯＰＲＯＢＥ）是加拿大全国性的多学科合作的地球物理项目，它的目的旨在提高对于北美板块演化的认识，研究范围内的横跨全国和不同地质年代的８个断面均是以地震反射波研究作为前提。这些研究成果与相关其它学科的研究相结合，给我们研究板块形成过程中不同地质构造是如何演化的提供了证据和思路。研究区的太古代Ｋａｐｕｓｋａｓｉｎｇ构造带，主要特征是斜切东西向的苏必利尔省构造带，被认为是位于一个重要的滑脱构造上的低角度推覆构造，沿着该构造带的５０～７０ｍ处发生了地壳缩短（挤压）作用，并且引起了一些地壳中部的岩石上升到地表，挤压作用以脆性断裂和在２０ｋｍ处的岩浆侵入作用及其下部地壳的韧性和流变构造作用而完成。位于Ｈｕｒｏｎ湖的ＧＬＩＭＰＣＥ断面的地震波特征是范围宽、向东倾斜、具地壳规模，该断面与Ｇｒｅｎｖｉｌｌｅ前构造单元的地震波相一致。两阶段模型包括地体在早元古代与克拉通地体边缘的碰撞，随后在中元古Ｇｒｅｎｖｉｌｌｉａｎ造山作用中发生了整个地壳的堆积和倾斜作用。在苏必利尔湖，ＧＩＬＩＭＰＣＥ数据表明，中元古代构造作用造成北美板块的分裂。岩石圈计划的东部断面横跨古生代新大陆阿巴拉契亚山脉，揭示了基于地震反射  相似文献   

地理信息系统空间数据精度的若干问题     

KhagendraThapa  JohnBossler  李小鹏 《测绘工程》1994,(3)

地理信息系统(GIS)涉及到空间数据的采集、管理、显示和分析。本文编译了原作者GIS中空间数据的精度和质量等有关问题,文中介绍了空间数据的误差类型、来源和精度标准,较详细地讨论了两类数据采集方法的各种误差,对建立GIS、评价空间数据的精度和质量有参考价值。  相似文献