A comparison of conventional and passive microwave sea‐ice datasets for Hudson Bay     

D.A. Etkin  Rene O. Ramseier 《大气与海洋》2013,51(3):359-378

Abstract

A sea‐ice dataset derived from passive microwave data acquired by the Scanning Multichannel Microwave Radiometer (SMMR) is compared with a conventional sea‐ice dataset from Ice Branch, Atmospheric Environment Service, Canada. The conventional set uses data from several sources including ships of opportunity, reconnaissance aircraft, satellite photographs and climate stations. The comparison was made for a 3‐year period from 1979 to 1981 over Hudson Bay, an area that is covered with first‐year ice only. For 8 of the 12 months of the year, monthly area‐average ice concentrations are within one tenth; larger differences are evident during periods of melting and freeze‐up. Extensive ponding on first‐year ice during the melt season is interpreted as open water by the SMMR algorithm, leading to significant “errors” in the passive microwave dataset. By comparing the two datasets, we were able to show the extent of ponding on the ice for a complete seasonal melt cycle. During freeze‐up the algorithm, under some conditions, provides a better estimate of the amount of ice than a conventional dataset owing to the difficulty of observing the presence of new ice.  相似文献   

Debris flow burial of ancient wall system in the Upper Po River valley     

William C. Mahaney  Pierre Tricart  Rene W. Barendregt  Christopher Carcaillet  Davide Rabufetti  Volli Kalm 《Geology Today》2010,26(6):209-215

The regrouping area, where Hannibal is thought to have reformed his army after forging a path through a massive rockfall in the Cottian Alps, has been reshaped by a blanket of sediment deposited from debris flows following heavy rain in spring, 2008. Analysis of precipitation data for the period mid‐May to mid‐June, 2008, shows that 722 mm of rain fell at 2150 m, falling off to half that amount at 3325 m on the flanks of Mon Viso. Following exhaustive analysis of environmental factors connected with the invasion of Italy at the start of the Second Punic War (218 bc ), identification of the regrouping area for the Carthaginian Army centred on the presence of an ancient stone wall system which possibly dates from Hannibalic times. Lichen cover, lichen diameters, weathering characteristics, degree to which boulders had sunk into the resident soil, and presence of ancient hearths all combined to make this area a choice locale for reconstructive geoarchaeology. Large scale mass wasting off a prominent bedrock bar adjacent to the wall system in the Upper Po River Valley resulted in burial of most of the prominent wall structures which will complicate any exploration geoarchaeology attempts in future.  相似文献   

Upscaling facies models to preserve connectivity of designated facies     

Erick R. Burns  Larry R. Bentley  Rene Therrien  Clayton V. Deutsch 《Hydrogeology Journal》2010,18(6):1357-1373

An upscaling algorithm has been developed that generates an irregular coarse grid that preserves flow connectivity by applying a rule-based upscaling algorithm to a fine-scale facies distribution. The algorithm is demonstrated using stochastically generated paleo-fluvial facies distributions. First, an irregular grid honoring the channel facies is created, followed by computation of effective anisotropic parameters for all coarse-grid cells. For the apparent layer-cake geometry of overbank deposits seen in outcrop, two local upscaling methods are compared: (1) the layered system approximation and (2) the mode. To assess upscaling performance, flow simulations for the original and upscaled grids are compared. The horizontal layered approximation (arithmetic mean) performs poorly, over-predicting lateral connectivity where even infrequent disconnection becomes important. Performance of the mode as an upscaling algorithm depends on the probability that a coarse-grid cell will be dominated by a single facies, and it performs surprisingly well because the upscaled grid-generation algorithm honors the channels, informing the upscaling process. Lastly, the irregular coarse grid was compared to a uniform coarse grid, showing superior performance with the irregular grid. The reduction in grid size achieved by irregular-grid generation will be a function of the geometrical complexity of the geologic objects to be honored.  相似文献   

Statistical analysis of main and interaction effects during the removal of BTEX mixtures in batch conditions, using wastewater treatment plant sludge microbes     

E. R. Rene Ph.D.  M. S. Jo  S. H. Kim  H. S. Park Ph.D. 《International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology》2007,4(2):177-182

Biodegradation has proved to be a versatile technique to remediate benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene and xylene mixtures in contaminated soil and groundwater. In this study, a mixed microbial culture obtained from a wastewater treatment plant was used to degrade liquid phase ethyl benzene and xylene, at initial concentrations varying between 15 to 75 mg/l. Experiments were conducted according to the 2^k?1 fractional factorial design to identify the main and interaction effects of parameters and their influence on biodegradation of individual ethyl benzene and xylene compounds in mixtures. The removal efficiencies of these compounds varied between 2 to 90% depending on the concentration of other compounds and also on their interaction effects. A statistical interpretation of the results was done based on the Fishers variance ratio (F) and probability (P) values. Though all the main effects were found significant (P < 0.05) at the 5% confidence level, the interactions between benzene and toluene and benzene and xylene concentrations were also found to be statistically significant and play a major role in affecting the total ethyl benzene and xylene removal.  相似文献   

基于精密单点定位技术的航空测量应用实践   总被引：38，自引：6，他引：38  

张小红  刘经南  Rene Forsberg 《武汉大学学报(信息科学版)》2006,31(1):19-23

讨论了基于精密单点定位技术来实现无地面基准站的航空测量。计算结果表明，用观测值的验后残差计算得到的实测动态及静态模拟动态进行精密单点定位的三维RMS均优于3cm；用动态数据精密单点定位的结果同多基准站的双差解求较差计算出的RMS．南北分量和东西分量均优于5cm，高程分量优于10cm；用基准站的静态数据模拟动态单点定位解算得到的坐标同已知坐标求较差计算出的RMS，南北分量和东西分量均优于3cm，高程分量优于5cm。  相似文献   

新技术应用——直接固体进样石墨炉分析   总被引：5，自引：1，他引：5  

赵泰  ReneNowka 《岩矿测试》2003,22(1):79-80

样品的消解问题在原子吸收光谱技术中普遍存在,从环境学研究、食品检查、材料分析到过程分析和医学应用,样品消解都是分析的最大可能误差来源,试剂污染、交叉干扰、原始样品的改变,所有这些问题都是分析工作者多年来一直努力探求解决的课题。直接固体进样石墨炉分析技术正是其中一种简单的解决方案。直接固体进样石墨炉分析的优点是:①直接分析原始样品;②无需样品消解和溶剂稀释;③降低污染的可能性;④高灵敏度,ｐｇ或ｆｇ级的检出水平,只有昂贵的ＩＣＰ ＭＳ才能得到同样的检出限;⑤较少的样品量,10μｇ～50ｍｇ即可。随着商品仪器的面…  相似文献   

Aqueous and petroleum fluid flow associated with sand injectites   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Rene Jonk  John Parnell  Andrew Hurst 《Basin Research》2005,17(2):241-257

Field, petrographic and fluid inclusion characteristics of sand injectites from five outcrop localities and from the subsurface of the Tertiary of the south Viking Graben are described. Although the case studies are from a wide variety of sedimentological, stratigraphic and tectonic settings, and hence their diagenetic evolutions differ significantly, it is possible and useful to assign diagenetic events to three distinct phases of fluid flow associated with sand injectites in sedimentary basins. Firstly, there is fluid flow associated with the injection of the fluid–sediment mix during shallow burial. Early diagenetic imprints in sand injectites reveal that basinal fluids, which may be released during movement along deeper‐seated faults, can be associated with this process and thus the injection process may reveal information on the timing of basin‐scale movement of fluids. Secondly, following the injection process, basinal fluids continue to migrate through uncemented injectites and mix with the ambient meteoric and/or marine pore fluids that invade injectites from the overlying and surrounding host sediments. Early, often pervasive, carbonate cementation is common within sand injectites and rapidly turns sand injectites into flow barriers during shallow (<1 km) burial. If early carbonate cementation is not pervasive, fluid inclusions in late quartz cement (～>2 km of burial) reveal additional information on fluid flow associated with sand injectites during deeper burial. The latest phase of fluid flow occurs when sand injectites are reactivated as preferential fluid conduits during phases of deformation, when well‐cemented subvertical sand injectites become sites of focussed brittle deformation (fracturing). This study shows that sand injectites are a common and volumetrically important type of structural heterogeneity in sedimentary basins and that long‐lived fluid flow associated with sand injectites in very different settings can be assessed and compared systematically using a combination of petrography and fluid inclusion studies.  相似文献   

Investigations on Aral Sea Regressions from Mirabilite Deposits and Remote Sensing     

Jean-François Crétaux  Rene Létolle  Stephane Calmant 《Aquatic Geochemistry》2009,15(1-2):277-291

Remote sensing techniques including radar (Topex/Poseidon, Jason-1 and Envisat) and laser altimetry (Icesat), and moderate resolution spectro-radiometer (MODIS) images, are used to estimated current level and surface extent time variations of the Aral Sea. During the Holocene several phases of regression occurred, leading to desiccation of the Aral Sea. During the last 50 years, Aral Sea has drastically shrunk due to intense use of river’s water for irrigation purposes. It is currently separated into four distinct water bodies, namely, the Small Aral in the North, the Tchebas Bay in the North West, and the South West and the South East basins. The Kulandy strait connected the SW and SE basins until very recent times. These basins are now almost separated and salinity becomes very high (140–180 g/l) in the Eastern part. Rubanov discovered past deposits of mirabilite in the years 1970–1980. We investigate the significance of these deposits in the light of current evolution of the four water bodies that constitute the heritage of Aral Sea contemporary desiccation. Using remote sensing techniques, we have attempted to calculate the water balance of south Aral Sea during the last 3 years. We conclude in strong probability that the Kulandy strait carries water most of the time from the Eastern Basin to the Western Basin. We have demonstrated that it should have been the same process in the past to explain the Mirabilite deposit, but unfortunately, due to recent artificial water monitoring of the Aral Sea (dam in the Berg’s strait, new reservoirs in the Amu Darya’s delta), it is impossible to make definitive conclusion from actual Aral Sea water balance.  相似文献   

Interpreting characteristic drainage timescale variability across Kilombero Valley,Tanzania   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1       下载免费PDF全文

Steve W. Lyon  Alexander Koutsouris  Friedemann Scheibler  Jerker Jarsjö  Rene Mbanguka  Madaka Tumbo  Keven K. Robert  Asha N. Sharma  Ype van der Velde 《水文研究》2015,29(8):1912-1924

We explore seasonal variability and spatiotemporal patterns in characteristic drainage timescale (K) estimated from river discharge records across the Kilombero Valley in central Tanzania. K values were determined using streamflow recession analysis with a Brutsaert–Nieber solution to the linearized Boussinesq equation. Estimated K values were variable, comparing between wet and dry seasons for the relatively small catchments draining upland positions. For the larger catchments draining through valley bottoms, K values were typically longer and more consistent across seasons. Variations in K were compared with long‐term averaged, Moderate‐resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer‐derived monthly evapotranspiration. Although the variations in K were potentially related to evapotranspiration, the influence of data quality and analysis procedure could not be discounted. As such, even though recession analysis offers a potential approach to explore aquifer release timescales and thereby gain insight to a region's hydrology to inform water resources management, care must be taken when interpreting spatiotemporal shifts in K in connection with process representation in regions like the Kilombero Valley. © 2014 The Authors. Hydrological Processes published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.  相似文献   

Characterization of colloidal and particulate matter transported by the magela creek system,Northern Australia     

Barry T. Hart  Grant B. Douglas  Ronald Beckett  Annick Van Put  Rene E. Van Grieken 《水文研究》1993,7(1):105-118

The composition and amount of colloidal and suspended participate matter transported during a small flood event in Magela Creek in tropical northern Australia was investigated. The flood studied constituted approximately 3 % of the total annual flow, most (90%) of which occurred between mid-January and mid-February of the study year. Three fractions were separated from water samples using a sequential method involving a continuous flow centrifuge to separate suspended particulate matter (SPM; nominally > 1 μm) followed by hollow fibre filtration, first using a 0.1 μm filter to separate course colloidal matter (CCM; nominal size 1–0.1 μm) and then a 0–015 μm filter to separate fine colloidal matter (FCM; nominal size 0.1–0.015 μm). The SPM was predominantly inorganic (organic matter 21 %), whereas the colloidal fractions were dominantly organic matter (CCM 60%; FCM 83%). Analysis of individual particles using electron microprobe and automated image analysis indicated that the mineral fractions in both the SPM and CCM were dominated by iron-enriched aluminosilicates (including kaolinite) (72–82%) and quartz (9–10%), indicative of a highly weathered and extensively laterized catchment. Surprisingly there was very little difference in the composition of the SPM or CCM fractions during the flood event studied, which may indicate either that sediment availability was restricted following the major run-off events in January and February, or that all the sediment sources within the catchment are geochemically similar. Approximately the same amounts of particulate (20 tonne), colloidal (21 tonne) and dissolved material (17 tonne) were transported during the 25 hour period of the main flood peak; over 90% of the colloidal matter was 0.1–1.0 μm in size. These data suggest that previous estimates of the amounts of particulate (and colloidal) matter transported by Magela Creek, which were based on suspended solids measurements, may have underestimated the particulate matter load by as much as 50%. It is possible that the relatively high proportion of colloidal matter is unique to Magela Creek because coagulation and aggregation of colloidal matter to particulate matter is slow due to the very low concentations of calcium and magnesium in these waters. However, if the result is more widespread, there are important implications for the global estimates of fluvially transported particulate and dissolved materials as many of the previous studies may have underestimated the particulate load and overestimated the dissolved load.  相似文献