Mineralogical and geochemical variation in hydrothermal sulfides from Vienna Woods field, Manus Basin, Papua New Guinea: constraints on their evolution     

RAY Durbar  BANERJEE Ranadip  MAZUMDER Anin  PAROPKARI Anil L.  MUKHOPADHYAY Subir  BALAKRISHNAN Srinivasan 《海洋学报(英文版)》2018,37(4):22-33

Polymetallic sulfides from two hydrothermal chimneys and talus deposit from the Vienna Woods field of Manus Basin were studied for mineralogy, elemental composition, and S-isotope ratio to understand their evolution. The factors including the nature of source fluid, mineral paragenesis, and related geochemical processes have been discussed. Mineralogy and elemental concentration of Cu and Fe-rich large chimney at the central part of this hydrothermal field was completely different from the smaller Zn-rich peripheral chimney and Fe-rich talus deposit, suggesting the variable degree of alterations generate physico-chemically different source fluids responsible for these hydrothermal structures. Similarly, S-isotope ratios also indicate chemically diverse fluids and different modes of precipitation were involved in their evolution. Distinct mineral zonings and associated elemental and isotopic compositions within individual deposit confirm paragenetic shifts were involved during their growth process.  相似文献   

Domenico solution--is it valid?   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Srinivasan V  Clement TP  Lee KK 《Ground water》2007,45(2):136-146

The Domenico solution is widely used in several analytical models for simulating ground water contaminant transport scenarios. Unfortunately, many textbook as well as journal article treatments of this approximate solution are full of empirical statements that are developed without mathematical rigor. For this reason, a rigorous analysis of this solution is warranted. In this article, we present a mathematical method to derive the Domenico solution and explore its limits. Our analysis shows that the Domenico solution is a true analytical solution when the value of longitudinal dispersivity is zero. For nonzero longitudinal dispersivity values, the Domenico solution will introduce a finite amount of error. We use an example problem to quantify the nature of this error and suggest some general guidelines for the appropriate use of this solution.  相似文献   

Comparative study of performance of different weather forecast models at specific sites in northwest Himalaya in India     

D. Singh  K. Srinivasan  A. Ganju  Snehmani 《Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics》2010,107(3-4):137-147

Independent test results of four different weather forecast models [climatological, persistence, analogue, and regional mesoscale weather simulation (MM5) model] have been compared for four past winters (winter 2003–2004 to winter 2006–2007) for qualitative weather (snow day/no snow day) and quantitative categorical snowfall prediction at six different areas in northwest Himalaya (NW-Himalaya) in India. Weather forecast guidance provided by the MM5 model at 10 km resolution was taken for the study. Test results of MM5 and the analogue model were compared for a limited number of days (with irregular gaps) due to lack of availability of MM5 weather forecast guidance for complete winter periods. Forecasts based on the persistence, climatological, and analogue models were compared for day 1 predictions only. Performance of the analogue model for qualitative weather prediction was found to be comparable to that of the MM5 model for day 1 prediction. However, for day 2 and day 3, performance of the MM5 model was found to be marginally better than that of the analogue model. Marginal difference in overall accuracy of the analogue and MM5 models was found for quantitative categorical snowfall prediction for day 3. The quantitative categorical snowfall forecast error of the MM5 model was found to be greater than that for the analogue model for all three days. Comparative study of the performance of the climatological, persistence, and analogue models showed that the analogue model performs better than the persistence and climatological models for day 1 predictions. The results of this study suggest that the analogue model shows some capability for weather prediction and, along with the MM5 model, could be a useful tool for weather forecasters. Comparative study of the performance of the MM5 model at high resolution (about 2–3 km) and the analogue model for complete winter period may provide some interesting and fruitful results.  相似文献   

A study of vertical cloud structure of the Indian summer monsoon using CloudSat data   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

M. Rajeevan  P. Rohini  K. Niranjan Kumar  J. Srinivasan  C. K. Unnikrishnan 《Climate Dynamics》2013,40(3-4):637-650

Precise specification of the vertical distribution of cloud optical properties is important to reduce the uncertainty in quantifying the radiative impacts of clouds. The new global observations of vertical profiles of clouds from the CloudSat mission provide opportunities to describe cloud structures and to improve parameterization of clouds in the weather and climate prediction models. In this study, four years (2007–2010) of observations of vertical structure of clouds from the CloudSat cloud profiling radar have been used to document the mean vertical structure of clouds associated with the Indian summer monsoon (ISM) and its intra-seasonal variability. Active and break monsoon spells associated with the intra-seasonal variability of ISM have been identified by an objective criterion. For the present analysis, we considered CloudSat derived column integrated cloud liquid and ice water, and vertically profiles of cloud liquid and ice water content. Over the South Asian monsoon region, deep convective clouds with large vertical extent (up to 14 km) and large values of cloud water and ice content are observed over the north Bay of Bengal. Deep clouds with large ice water content are also observed over north Arabian Sea and adjoining northwest India, along the west coast of India and the south equatorial Indian Ocean. The active monsoon spells are characterized by enhanced deep convection over the Bay of Bengal, west coast of India and northeast Arabian Sea and suppressed convection over the equatorial Indian Ocean. Over the Bay of Bengal, cloud liquid water content and ice water content is enhanced by ~90 and ~200 % respectively during the active spells. An interesting feature associated with the active spell is the vertical tilting structure of positive CLWC and CIWC anomalies over the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal, which suggests a pre-conditioning process for the northward propagation of the boreal summer intra-seasonal variability. It is also observed that during the break spells, clouds are not completely suppressed over central India. Instead, clouds with smaller vertical extent (3–5 km) are observed due to the presence of a heat low type of circulation. The present results will be useful for validating the vertical structure of clouds in weather and climate prediction models.  相似文献   

Pleistocene oceanographie changes indicated by deep sea benthic foraminifera in the northern Indian Ocean     

Ajai K. Rai  M. S. Srinivasan 《Journal of Earth System Science》1994,103(4):499-517

An attempt has been made to understand the Pleistocene bottom water history in response to the paleoclimatic changes in the northern Indian Ocean employing quantitative analyses of deep sea benthic foraminifera at the DSDP sites 219 and 238. Among the 150 benthic foraminifera recorded a few species show dominance with changing percent frequencies during most of the sequence. The dominant benthic foraminiferal assemblages suggest that most of the Pleistocene bottom waters at site 219 and Early Pleistocene bottom waters at site 238 are of North Indian Deep Water (NIDW) origin. However, Late Pleistocene assemblage at site 238 appears to be closely associated with a water mass intermediate between North Indian Deep Water (NIDW) and Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW). Uvigerina proboscidea is the most dominant benthic foraminiferal species present during the Pleistocene at both the sites. A marked increase in the relative abundance ofU. proboscidea along with less diverse and equitable fauna during Early Pleistocene suggests a relative cooling, an intensified oceanic circulation and upwelling of nutrient rich bottom waters resulting in high surface productivity. At the same time, low sediment accumulation rate during Early Pleistocene reveals increased winnowing of the sediments possibly due to more corrosive and cold bottom waters. The Late Pleistocene in general, is marked by relatively warm and stable bottom waters as reflected by low abundance ofU. proboscidea and more diverse and equitable benthic fauna. The lower depth range for the occurrence ofBulimina aculeate in the Indian Ocean is around 2300 m, similar to that of many other areas.B. aculeata also shows marked increase in its abundance near the Pliocene/Pleistocene boundary while a sudden decrease in the relative abundance ofStilostomella lepidula occurs close to the Early/Late Pleistocene boundary.  相似文献   

Biodegradation and water washing effect on gasoline range hydrocarbons and quality of crude oils from HJN and MKM fields of upper Assam basin,India     

Manoj Kumar Sarmah  Srinivasan V. Raju 《Journal of the Geological Society of India》2016,87(3):327-336

The crude oils from Oligocene and Miocene formation of upper Assam basin have moderate API gravity and significant wax content. Crude oils from HJN and MKM fields of upper Assam basin are being produced from Oligocene and Miocene sands. These oils are somewhat biodegraded in nature as evidenced from their API gravity, density, bulk composition, GC fingerprints and relative concentrations of compounds in the gasoline range. It is observed from whole oil gas chromatographic data that the lighter hydrocarbons are more effected as a result of biodegradation and water washing than the heavier components. In the gasoline range compounds highest degradation of n-alkanes are observed followed by iso- and cyclo- alkanes. The extent of the effect of biodegradation of the gasoline range compounds in crude oil samples cannot be illustrated by the concentrations of the compounds. The concentrations only describe qualitative differences in molecular composition. This difficulty can be overcome by using parameters called degradative loss (%). This parameter shows exactly how much loss or gain has taken place in the gasoline range compounds. Within the gasoline range compounds, n-alkanes, Benzene baring HJN 15 and MKM 14 and Toluene experienced degradative loss indicating effects of both biodegradation and water washing in these oils. Cyclo-alkanes are least effected by biodegradation followed by iso-alkanes in all the oils. The extent of biodegradation and water washing is different for each oils from HJN and MKM fields as indicated by the degradative loss (%) of the compounds in the gasoline range.  相似文献   

Heterogeneous distribution of H2O in the Martian interior: Implications for the abundance of H2O in depleted and enriched mantle sources          下载免费PDF全文

Francis M. McCubbin  Jeremy W. Boyce  Poorna Srinivasan  Alison R. Santos  Stephen M. Elardo  Justin Filiberto  Andrew Steele  Charles K. Shearer 《Meteoritics & planetary science》2016,51(11):2036-2060

We conducted a petrologic study of apatite within 12 Martian meteorites, including 11 shergottites and one basaltic regolith breccia. These data were combined with previously published data to gain a better understanding of the abundance and distribution of volatiles in the Martian interior. Apatites in individual Martian meteorites span a wide range of compositions, indicating they did not form by equilibrium crystallization. In fact, the intrasample variation in apatite is best described by either fractional crystallization or crustal contamination with a Cl‐rich crustal component. We determined that most Martian meteorites investigated here have been affected by crustal contamination and hence cannot be used to estimate volatile abundances of the Martian mantle. Using the subset of samples that did not exhibit crustal contamination, we determined that the enriched shergottite source has 36–73 ppm H₂O and the depleted source has 14–23 ppm H₂O. This result is consistent with other observed geochemical differences between enriched and depleted shergottites and supports the idea that there are at least two geochemically distinct reservoirs in the Martian mantle. We also estimated the H₂O, Cl, and F content of the Martian crust using known crust‐mantle distributions for incompatible lithophile elements. We determined that the bulk Martian crust has ~1410 ppm H₂O, 450 ppm Cl, and 106 ppm F, and Cl and H₂O are preferentially distributed toward the Martian surface. The estimate of crustal H₂O results in a global equivalent surface layer (GEL) of ~229 m, which can account for at least some of the surface features on Mars attributed to flowing water and may be sufficient to support the past presence of a shallow sea on Mars' surface.  相似文献   

The different transport regimes of pitch-angle scattering of energetic particles     

S. Srinivasan  A. Shalchi 《Astrophysics and Space Science》2014,350(1):197-210

Recently an advanced nonlinear diffusion theory for particle transport across the mean magnetic field has been developed. The method used in the derivation of the latter theory is based on the cosmic ray Fokker-Planck equation. In the present article we use the same approach to describe pitch-angle scattering and parallel spatial diffusion nonlinearly. Furthermore, we derive the quasilinear transport theory, the weakly nonlinear theory as well as the Bohm limit as special cases from our more general approach.  相似文献   

Comment on the paper “Dust acoustic solitary waves in dusty plasma with nonthermal ions”     

Frank Verheest  Sadhasivan R. Pillay 《Astrophysics and Space Science》2010,326(2):151-152

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Video DCIV measurements of mass and momentum fluxes and kinetic energies in laboratory waves breaking over a bar     

K. Govender  H. Michallet  M.J. Alport  U. Pillay  G.P. Mocke  M. Mory 《Coastal Engineering》2009

The experimental investigation of water waves breaking over a barred beach in a glass walled flume is presented. The time series of the water levels along the flume were measured using wave gauges and video imaging of the water surface, providing estimates of the mean wave-heights and water levels at various positions along the flume. The instantaneous velocity fields were measured using digital correlation image velocimetry for positions beyond the initial breaking point. The mass (/velocity) and momentum fluxes, and kinetic energies were computed from the velocity flow fields by means of phase ensemble averaging and then time averaging of relevant quantities derived from the instantaneous velocity fields. These parameters reached a maximum value some distance shorewards of the break point on the bar. The relative density of the fluid in the crest of the wave, estimated using the forward and reverse velocity fluxes, was found to be in the range from 0.4 to 0.8. Preliminary analysis of the momentum fluxes and mean water levels indicates a decreasing dynamic pressure shorewards of a peak that occurs shortly after wave breaking.  相似文献