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221.
Planewave pseudopotential calculations of supercell total energies were used as bases for first-principles calculations of
the CaCO3–MgCO3 and CdCO3–MgCO3 phase diagrams. Calculated phase diagrams are in qualitative to semiquantitative agreement with experiment. Two unobserved
phases, Cd3Mg (CO3)4 and CdMg3(CO3)4, are predicted. No new phases are predicted in the CaCO3–MgCO3 system, but a low-lying metastable Ca3Mg(CO3)4 state, analogous to the Cd3Mg(CO3)4 phase is predicted. All of the predicted lowest-lying metastable states, except for huntite CaMg3(CO3)4, have dolomite-related structures, i.e. they are layer structures in which A
m
B
n
cation layers lie perpendicular to the rhombohedral [111] vector.
Received: 6 May 2002 / Accepted: 23 October 2002
Acknowledgements This work was partially supported by NSF contract DMR-0080766 and NIST. 相似文献
222.
Field variability of landslide model parameters 总被引:5,自引:1,他引:4
A data set of parameters (slope, soil depth and soil shear strength) relevant to spatially distributed modelling of shallow
landslides triggered by rain and snowmelt events was determined from field measurements in 250 grid elements of dimensions
25 m (downslope)×10 m (across slope) in an area of 250 m×250 m on a hillslope in Scotland. These data provide an unusually
detailed basis for the evaluation of spatial variability and uncertainty in model parameterisation. The variations in slope
and soil strength are represented adequately by normal distributions; a Weibull distribution is suggested for the soil depth
data. The factor of safety calculated at each point in the grid was shown partially to identify observed landslides, with
a number of false predictions of occurrence. Trend analysis and semivariogram analysis of the data set suggest that the use
of kriging could improve upon this approach to landslide prediction by providing areal estimates of parameters at the grid
element scale with associated error bounds.
Received: 30 October 1996 · Accepted: 25 June 1997 相似文献
223.
On 7 September, 1999, an earthquake (5.8 mb
USGS)took place about 20 km from the centre of Athens, until then a seismically quiet region ofeastern Greece. Considerable damage ranging from rock falls to the collapse of reinforcedconcrete structures was reported in the city and surrounding area. No surface break which couldbe directly attributed to rupture on the fault plane was mapped. We use the relativeamplitude method and forward modelling of broadband P seismogramsrecorded at long range to produce a two-dimensional model of the source. We conclude that the earthquake tookplace on a south-west dipping normal fault at a depth of 10 km. This implies that the depthof the seismogenic zone in the area is comparable to other more active regions of Greece.The rupture speed (2.1 km/s) and stress drop (0.54 MPa) are low and are typical of earthquakesin a tectonic environment dominated by high rates of extension. The estimated seismicmoment is 6.014 × 1017 N m. We have investigated reported rupture directivity and thepossibility of a circular rupture is also examined. Extrapolation of the fault plane to the freesurface suggests that the earthquake took place on a structure associated with the Fili fault. 相似文献
224.
The physical similarities among mine spoils may be strongly influenced by the geologic source of the spoils where overburden
is produced from areas of simple geologic structure. Textures and bulk densities are influenced by the methods of handling
the materials during mining and disposal operations. Where these influences are the same in more than one mining site, surface
hydrology and erosion parameters are often similar. A specific tailing deposit may be highly variable with respect to the
physical and chemical characteristics produced by methods of ore treatment and concentration. This variability makes it difficult
to classify tailings based on surface hydrology and erosion.
Hydrologic characteristics of spoil deposits as related to future successful rehabilitation may be improved by (1) conducting
mining activities to permit identification and segregation of favorable overburden strata for use in revegetation, (2) reconstituting
soil for optimum plant growth, (3) shaping spoils to be compatible with surrounding topography, (4) mulching with organic
materials, and (5) avoiding or ameliorating compaction of the soil-spoil surface.
Mr. Burton is currently hydrologist with the Bureau of Land Management in Lewiston, Montana, U.S.A. 相似文献
225.
To investigate the characteristics of earthquake hazard parameters as a means of identifying different zones of seismicity, we have compiled a catalogue of about 1850 moderate to large-sized earthquakes with magnitudes m4.0 or greater in southern Turkey for the time period from 1900 to 1990. Several methods have been applied to the earthquake catalogue to assess seismic hazard. The study area is divided into 77 overlapping cells of 2° size. Theoretical calculations were made for the prediction of maximum magnitude, intensity, b-values, strain energy release and corresponding m3 and peak ground acceleration levels for a given period of time. The resultant seismic hazard for each parameter is depicted as a contour map to indicate lateral variations in areas of seismic source. A combination and evaluation of various hazard parameters resulted in more reasonable estimates of hazard. It is found that the most hazardous seismic zones are the Rhodes and Burdur zones where the level of peak ground acceleration reaches up to 280 cm s-2 for an average return period of 100 years. 相似文献
226.
227.
228.
A deformation history, comprised of six separate deformation events of differing intensity, has affected the rocks of the South Palmer River region of the the Hodgkinson Province, north Queensland. Within this region, a zone of pervasive slaty cleavage, herein termed the Fiery Creek Slate Belt, has developed as a result of the superposition of fabrics formed during several of these events. The most important processes in the formation of this composite cleavage were the re-use and reactivation of the favourably oriented, steep, N-S-trending S2 foliation by the intense fourth deformation event, D4. This produced micro-, meso- and macroscopic folds in an originally shallow S3 foliation, produced during the intervening D3 deformation, with an axial planar S2–S4 foliation. The D4 stretching lineation, L44, plunges subvertically to steeply north and indicates that shear during D4 was oriented steeply north-south. In the Fiery Creek Slate Belt, D2 fold axes are interpreted to have formed in much shallower orientations than their present moderately N-S-plunging to subvertical orientations. We consider this to be a result of D4 shear, which caused variable degrees of rotation of D2 fold axes toward the D4 stretching lineation due to subparallelism of the bulk shortening directions of the D2 and D4 events. Near-total destruction of the pre-D4 foliations during slaty cleavage formation has produced a misleading impression of a simple deformation history. There is no relationship between metamorphic grade and intensity of slaty cleavage development. 相似文献
229.
230.
J.S. Lawrence M.C.B. Ashley M.G. Burton J.W.V. Storey 《天文学报》2007,48(1):48-53
在南极洲高原的冰穹C有望发现非凡的天文观测条件,受此鼓舞,许多国际小组协同努力对该地的大气条件作全面的测量.评述对冰穹C的选址现况,讨论过去、现在和计划中的选址仪器,迄今已得到的结果,以及这些结果的天文含意. 相似文献