Archaeometry,Y. Maniatis (Ed.), 1989, Elsevier,xxii + 720 pp., $147.25 (clothbound)     

James H. Burton 《Geoarchaeology》1990,5(3):290-292

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Building service life economic loss assessment under sequential seismic events          下载免费PDF全文

Mehrdad Shokrabadi  Henry V. Burton 《地震工程与结构动力学》2018,47(9):1864-1881

Aftershocks have been shown to exacerbate earthquake‐induced financial losses by causing further damage to structural and nonstructural components in buildings that have already been affected by a mainshock event and increasing the duration of disrupted functionality. Whereas seismic loss assessment under isolated events has been addressed thoroughly in previous studies, comparatively less has been accomplished in the area of loss assessment under sequences of mainshock‐aftershock ground motions. The main objective of the current study is to formulate a comprehensive framework for quantifying financial losses under sequential seismic events. The proposed framework is capable of accounting for the uncertainties in the state of structure due to accumulation of earthquake‐induced damage, the time‐dependent nature of seismic hazard in the post‐mainshock environment, and the uncertainties in the occurrence of mainshock and aftershock events. Application of the proposed framework to a 4‐story reinforced concrete moment frame shows that consideration of aftershocks could increase lifecycle earthquake‐induced losses by up to 30% compared with mainshock‐only assessments.  相似文献   

The CM carbonaceous chondrite regolith Diepenveen     

Marco Langbroek  Peter Jenniskens  Leo M. Kriegsman  Henk Nieuwenhuis  Niek De Kort  Jacob Kuiper  Wim Van Westrenen  Michael E. Zolensky  Karen Ziegler  Qing‐Zhu Yin  Matthew E. Sanborn  Josh Wimpenny  Akane Yamakawa  Sebastiaan J. De Vet  Matthias M. M. Meier  Kees C. Welten  Kunihiko Nishiizumi  Marc W. Caffee  Aaron S. Burton  Jason P. Dworkin  Daniel P. Glavin  Qinghao Wu  Richard N. Zare  Alexander Ruf  Mourad Harir  Philippe Schmitt‐Kopplin   《Meteoritics & planetary science》2019,54(7):1431-1461

A carbonaceous chondrite was recovered immediately after the fall near the village of Diepenveen in the Netherlands on October 27, 1873, but came to light only in 2012. Analysis of sodium and poly‐aromatic hydrocarbon content suggests little contamination from handling. Diepenveen is a regolith breccia with an overall petrology consistent with a CM classification. Unlike most other CM chondrites, the bulk oxygen isotopes are extremely ¹⁶O rich, apparently dominated by the signature of anhydrous minerals, distributed on a steep slope pointing to the domain of intrinsic CM water. A small subset plots closer to the normal CM regime, on a parallel line 2 ‰ lower in δ¹⁷O. Different lithologies in Diepenveen experienced varying levels of aqueous alteration processing, being less aqueously altered at places rather than more heated. The presence of an agglutinate grain and the properties of methanol‐soluble organic compounds point to active impact processing of some of the clasts. Diepenveen belongs to a CM clan with ~5 Ma CRE age, longer than most other CM chondrites, and has a relatively young K‐Ar resetting age of ~1.5 Ga. As a CM chondrite, Diepenveen may be representative of samples soon to be returned from the surface of asteroid (162173) Ryugu by the Hayabusa2 spacecraft.  相似文献   

Spatiotemporal development of physical,chemical, and biological characteristics of stormwater plumes in Santa Monica Bay,California (USA)     

Alina A. Corcoran  Kristen M. Reifel  Burton H. Jones  Rebecca F. Shipe 《Journal of Sea Research》2010,63(2):129-142

This study characterized stormwater plume development and associated phytoplankton dynamics in a coastal marine ecosystem through shipboard monitoring. We focused on plumes within Santa Monica Bay, California (USA), a coastal system that is subject to rapid pulses of untreated runoff from the urbanized watershed of Los Angeles during the winter rainy season. The physical, chemical, and biological signatures of stormwater plumes were tracked over time after each of 4 precipitation events ranging in magnitude from 1.5 cm to 9 cm. Low salinity surface plumes persisted in Santa Monica Bay for at least 2 to 5 days over spatial scales of up to 15 km. This is consistent with a 6-day residence time for surface water plume parcels, which was estimated from a drifter trajectory in the bay. Shipboard sampling and salinity measurements in the surf zone showed that plumes often persisted even longer nearshore. Plume waters were generally characterized by higher concentrations of dissolved nitrogen, colored dissolved organic matter, and higher light attenuation than non-plume waters. The magnitude of the effect of stormwater runoff on phytoplankton dynamics was dependent on the size of each storm and subsequent residence time of runoff within the bay. Rain events led to increases in primary productivity, phytoplankton biomass, and specifically, increases in diatom biomass, as measured by concentrations of biogenic silica.  相似文献   

The role of syn-eruptive vesiculation on explosive basaltic activity at Mt. Etna,Italy     

Margherita Polacci  Michael R. Burton  Alessandro La Spina  Filippo Murè  Stefano Favretto  Franco Zanini 《Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research》2009,179(3-4):265-269

We investigated the dynamics of explosive activity at Mt. Etna between 31 August and 15 December 2006 by combining vesicle studies in the erupted products with measurements of the gas composition at the active, summit crater. The analysed scoria clasts present large, connected vesicles with complex shapes and smaller, isolated, spherical vesicles, the content of which increases in scoriae from the most explosive events. Gas geochemistry reports CO₂/SO₂ and SO₂/HCl ratios supporting a deep-derived gas phase for fire-fountain activity. By integrating results from scoria vesiculation and gas analysis we find that the highest energy episodes of Mt. Etna activity in 2006 were driven by a previously accumulated CO₂-rich gas phase but we highlight the lesser role of syn-eruptive vesicle nucleation driven by water exsolution during ascent. We conclude that syn-eruptive vesiculation is a common process in Etnean magmas that may promote a deeper conduit magma fragmentation and increase ash formation.  相似文献   

Seismic risk in southern Europe through to India examined using Gumbel's third distribution of extreme values   总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6  

Paul W. Burton 《Geophysical Journal International》1979,59(2):249-280

Summary. A technique is described for the analysis of seismicity using Gumbel's third asymptotic distribution of extreme values. Seismicity of southern Europe through to India, nominally for the period 1900–74, is subdivided in a cellular manner, without recourse to tectonic discrimination between regions, and a covariance analysis on the three parameters of Gumbel's distribution is performed for each cell of seismicity. The results indicate that the upper bound to the magnitude of earthquake occurrence is often uncertain although it is discernible, while curvature of the earthquake occurrence distributions is usually established. Uncertainties in the forecasts of largest earthquakes, with a return period of 75 yr, are distinctly improved by taking into account the large and negative covariance which is measured between the curvature and upper bound to earthquake magnitude for the observed seismicity. These results are then used to map seismic risk for southern Europe through to India.  相似文献   

An infrared proper motion study of the Orion bullets     

J.-K. Lee  M. G. Burton 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2000,315(1):11-20

We report the first infrared proper motion measurements of the HerbigHaro objects in OMC-1 using a 4-yr time baseline. The [Fe  ii ]-emitting bullets are moving of the order of 0.08 arcsec per year, or at about 170 km s¹. The direction of motion is similar to that inferred from their morphology. The proper motions of H₂-emitting wakes behind the [Fe  ii ] bullets, and of newly found H₂ bullets, are also measured. H₂ bullets have smaller proper motion than [Fe  ii ] bullets, while H₂ wakes with leading [Fe  ii ] bullets appear to move at similar speeds to their associated bullets. A few instances of variability in the emission can be attributed to dense, stationary clumps in the ambient cloud being overrun, setting up a reverse-oriented bullet. Differential motion between [Fe  ii ] bullets and their trailing H₂ wakes is not observed, suggesting that these are not separating, and also that they have reached a steady-state configuration over at least 100 yr. The most distant bullets have, on average, larger proper motions, but are not consistent with free expansion. Nevertheless, an impulsive, or short-lived (<<1000 yr), duration for their origin seems likely.  相似文献   

Silicon isotope fractionation during magmatic differentiation   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

Paul S. Savage  R. Bastian Georg  Kevin W. Burton  Alex N. Halliday 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》2011,75(20):6124-6139

The Si isotopic composition of Earth’s mantle is thought to be homogeneous (δ³⁰Si = −0.29 ± 0.08‰, 2 s.d.) and not greatly affected by partial melting and recycling. Previous analyses of evolved igneous material indicate that such rocks are isotopically heavy relative to the mantle. To understand this variation, it is necessary to investigate the degree of Si isotopic fractionation that takes place during magmatic differentiation. Here we report Si isotopic compositions of lavas from Hekla volcano, Iceland, which has formed in a region devoid of old, geochemically diverse crust. We show that Si isotopic composition varies linearly as a function of silica content, with more differentiated rocks possessing heavier isotopic compositions. Data for samples from the Afar Rift Zone, as well as various igneous USGS standards are collinear with the Hekla trend, providing evidence of a fundamental relationship between magmatic differentiation and Si isotopes. The effect of fractionation has been tested by studying cumulates from the Skaergaard Complex, which show that olivine and pyroxene are isotopically light, and plagioclase heavy, relative to the Si isotopic composition of the Earth’s mantle. Therefore, Si isotopes can be utilised to model the competing effects of mafic and felsic mineral fractionation in evolving silicate liquids and cumulates.At an average SiO₂ content of ∼60 wt.%, the predicted δ³⁰Si value of the continental crust that should result from magmatic fractionation alone is −0.23 ± 0.05‰ (2 s.e.), barely heavier than the mantle. This is, at most, a maximum estimate, as this does not take into account weathered material whose formation drives the products toward lighter δ³⁰Si values. Mass balance calculations suggest that removal of continental crust of this composition from the upper mantle will not affect the Si isotopic composition of the mantle.  相似文献   

Propagation of 0.7–2.5 Hz Rayleigh waves in Scotland     

Colin D. Macbeth  Paul W. Burton 《Geophysical Journal International》1986,84(1):101-120

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DENIS: A deep near-infrared survey of the southern sky     

N. Epchtein  B. De Batz  E. Copet  P. Fouqué  F. Lacombe  T. Le Bertre  G. Mamon  D. Rouan  D. Tiphène  W. B. Burton  E. Deul  H. Habing  J. Borsenberger  M. Dennefeld  A. Omont  J. C. Renault  B. Rocca Volmerange  S. Kimeswenger  I. Appenzeller  R. Bender  T. Forveille  F. Garzon  J. Hron  P. Persi  M. Ferrari-Toniolo  I. Vauglin 《Astrophysics and Space Science》1994,217(1-2):3-9

The DENIS project is the first attempt to carry out a complete digitized survey of the southern sky in the range 1–2.5µm. The main objectives of the programme and the main specifications of the camera and of the data processing stream are briefly outlined  相似文献