Archaean tectonics     

R. Graham Park 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》1982,71(1):22-37

The characteristic structures of granite-greenstone and high-grade gneiss terrains are reviewed, using the Superior Province and the North Atlantic craton as examples, with the object of finding a suitable tectonic model to explain both. The granite-greenstone terrain exhibits a combination of gravity-driven vertical tectonics and regional horizontal compression, while the high-grade gneiss terrain shows dominantly subhorizontal high-strain foliation affected by later refoldings.A uniformitarian plate tectonic model may not be appropriate to the Archaean in the likely absence of eclogite-driven subduction and because of practical problems in explaining the deformation patterns.Various alternative mechanisms are considered to explain the structure of the high-grade gneiss terrains in particular. It is concluded that the most fruitful model is tectonic underplating, whereby the crust is thickened from beneath by the emplacement of crustal slices detached from their mantle lithosphere — itself underplated independantly. Such a process could have operated in the North Atlantic craton coevally with greenstone formation and subsequent diapirism in the Superior Province.Sub-horizontal N-S compression affected both cratons in the late Archaean, after the above processes had taken place, when the crust had become sufficiently rigid to be able to transmit regional stresses.

---

Zusammenfassung Die charakteristischen Strukturen von Granit-Grünschiefern und hochgradigen Gneisgebieten werden zusammenfassend betrachtet, wobei die Superior Province und das nordatlantische Kraton als Beispiele benutzt werden. Es wird versucht, ein geeignetes tektonisches Modell zu finden, um beide Gebiete zu erklären. Das Granit-Grünschiefergebiet stellt eine Kombination der von durch Gravitation verursachter vertikaler Tektonik und regionaler horizontaler Kompression dar, während das hochgradige Gneisgebiet eine hauptsächlich durch starke Beanspruchung verursachte subhorizontale Schichtung zeigt, beeinflußt durch spätere Faltungen.Ein uniformitarisches plattentektonisches Modell dürfte nicht für das Archaikum geeignet sein, wenn durch Eklogite verursachte Subduktion höchstwahrscheinlich nicht vorhanden ist und wenn außerdem praktische Probleme bei der Erklärung der Deformationsstrukturen auftauchen.Verschiedene alternative Mechanismen werden insbesondere für die Erklärung der Struktur des hochgradigen Gneisgebietes in Betracht gezogen. Als bestes Modell fanden wir die tektonische Anlagerung von unten, wobei die Kruste von unten her durch den Aufbau von Krustenscheiben, die vom Lithosphären-Mantel abgesplittert werden, verstärkt worden ist — wobei diese wiederum unabhängig davon Anlagerungen von unten aufweist. Solch ein Prozeß könnte im nordatlantischen Kraton stattgefunden haben, zusammen mit der Grünschieferformation und dem folgenden Diapirismus in der Superior Province.Subhorizontale N-S-Kompression beeinflußte beide Kratone im späten Archaikum, nachdem die obigen Prozesse stattgefunden hatten und als die Kruste genügend stark geworden war, um die regionalen Spannungen weiterzuleiten.

---

Résumé Les structures caractéristiques des domaines à granites et roches vertes, et à gneiss de haut degré de métamorphisme, sont passées en revue; les exemples utilisés sont ceux de la Province Supérieure et du craton de l'Atlantique nord, et ce, dans l'intention de trouver un modèle tectonique approprié à l'explication des deux. Le domaine à granites et roches vertes témoigne de la combinaison d'une tectonique verticale mue par la pesanteur et d'une compression horizontale régionale, tandis que les formations à gneiss de degré de métamorphisme élevé montrent principalement une foliation subhorizontale sous forte tension, affectée par des replissements ultérieurs.Un modèle de tectonique de plaque basé sur la théorie de l'actualisme ne peut pas être appropriée à l'Archéen, étant donné l'absence probable de subduction actionée par des éclogites et en raison des difficultés pratiques à expliquer les structures de déformation.Plusieurs autres mécanismes sont envisagés pour expliquer la structure des régions à gneiss de degré de métamorphisme elevé. On en arrive à conclure que la modèle le plus efficient est le «sous-placage tectonique» suivant lequel la croûte s'épaissit par la mise en place, par en-dessous, de tranches de croûte détachées de leur »manteau-lithosphère«, elles-mêmes des sous-plaques indépendantes. Un tel processus aurait pu fonctionner dans le craton de l'Atlantique nord à la même époque que la formation de roches vertes et que le diapirisme subséquent dans la Province Supérieure.La compression sub-horizontale nord-sud a agi sur les deux cratons vers la fin de l'Archéen, et après qu'eurent lieu les processus ci-dessus, quand la croûte était devenue assez rigide pour pouvoir transmettre des efforts régionaux.

---

- . . , , , , , - . . , . , , , , . . , , , , , . - , . - , , , .

  相似文献   

Feasibility of using impedance‐based damage assessment for pipeline structures     

Gyuhae Park  Harley H. Cudney  Daniel J. Inman 《地震工程与结构动力学》2001,30(10):1463-1474

This paper presents the feasibility of using an impedance‐based health monitoring technique in monitoring a critical civil facility. The objective of this research is to utilize the capability of the impedance method in identifying structural damage in those areas where a very quick condition monitoring is urgently needed, such as in a post‐earthquake analysis of a pipeline system. The basic principle behind this technique is to utilize high‐frequency structural excitation (typically greater than 30 kHz) through surface‐bonded piezoelectric sensors/actuators to detect changes in structural point impedance due to the presence of damage. Real‐time damage detection in pipes connected by bolted joints was investigated, and the capability of the impedance method in tracking and monitoring the integrity of the typical civil facility has been demonstrated. Data collected from the tests illustrates the capability of this technology to detect imminent damage under normal operating conditions and immediately after a natural disaster. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Lattice preferred orientation in deformed-then-annealed material: observations from experimental and natural polycrystalline aggregates     

Youngdo Park  Jin-Han Ree  Sungshil Kim 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》2001,90(1):127-135

  相似文献   

Chemical constraints on the petrogenesis of mildly alkaline lavas from Vestmannaeyjar,Iceland: the Eldfell (1973) and Surtsey (1963–1967) eruptions     

Tanya Furman  Fred A. Frey  Kye-Hun Park 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》1991,109(1):19-37

The Vestmannaeyjar archipelago is composed of alkalic lavas erupted at the southern end of the active, southward propagating, Eastern Volcanic Zone. Recent eruptions include the most primitive (Surtsey) and most evolved (Eldfell) compositions found in this area. We studied time-stratigraphic sample suites from both eruptions to characterize the magmatic environment of Vestmannacyjar. All samples are nearly homogeneous in radiogenic isotopic ratios (⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr 0.70304 to 0.70327;¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd 0.51301 to 0.50307;²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb 18.96 to 19.18;²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb 15.50 to 15.53;²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb 38.47 to 38.76; KH Park and A Zindler, in preparation). Compositional trends of lavas from the two eruptions are not consistent with fractionation in a near-surface environment, but indicate rather moderate pressure evolution of small magma batches. At Eldfell, mugearite lavas can be modeled by 30% closed-system fractional crystallization of olivine+plagioclase+clinopyroxene+Fe–Ti oxides from parental hawaiite. The phase proportions are consistent with an experimentally determined moderate pressure (8 kbar) cotectic in mildly alkaline systems (Mahood and Baker 1986). Compositional variations of Surtsey lavas can be modeled by crystallization of clinopyroxene+olivine+plagioclase+minor Fe–Ti oxides. The presence of sodic plagioclase megacrysts and clinopyroxene with 8 wt% Al₂O₃ in xenoliths from Surtsey lavas are consistent with a moderate pressure fractionation event. Based on major-element and REE data the most primitive Surtsey lavas formed by small degrees of melting of a lherzolite source. The alkaline nature of Vestmannaeyjar lavas is not the result of assimilation of lower crustal melts (cf. Oskarsson et al. 1985; Steinthorsson et al. 1985).  相似文献   

Early diagenetic framboidal pyrite,bravoite and vaesite from the Cave-In-Rock fluorspar district,southern Illinois     

Won C. Park 《Mineralium Deposita》1967,2(4):372-375

  相似文献   

The effects of drag reduction by ribbons attached to cylindrical pipes   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

S. H. Kwon  J. W. Cho  J. S. Park  H. S. Choi 《Ocean Engineering》2002,29(15):1945-1958

This study proposes a drag reduction device that uses three ribbons attached 120 degree apart to vertical pipes. Experiments were conducted in a circulating water channel to investigate the effects of the ribbon length and the direction of the flow on various current velocities. Drag on a vertical cylinder was measured by a resistance dynamometer. Flow visualizations were conducted using laser sheet beams. Laser Doppler Velocimetry (LDV) was used to measure the velocity field in the wake. This experiment demonstrates that attached ribbons can be used to reduce the drag force on vertical pipes for various directions of incoming flows. The ribbon-type device is very simple and easy to fabricate for field applications. The results are promising for the application to offshore structures.  相似文献   

Application of indigenous benthic amphipods as sediment toxicity testing organisms     

Jung-Suk Lee  Kyu-Tae Lee  Dong-Hoon Kim  Chan-Kook Kim  Jong-Hyeon Lee  Kun-Ho Park  Gyung-Soo Park 《Ocean Science Journal》2005,40(1):17-24

A series of experiments were conducted to develop standard test organisms and test protocols for measuring sediment toxicity using candidate amphipods such asMandibulophoxus mai, Monocorophium acherusicum, Haustorioides indivisus, andHaustorioides koreanus, which are indigenous to Korea. The relevant association of test species with sediment substrates was one of the important factors in sediment bioassay. The indigenous amphipodsM. mai andM. acherusicum were well associated with test sediments when they were exposed to various sediment substrates from sand to mud. The tolerant limits to various physico-chemical factors affecting bioassay results such as temperature, salinity and ammonia, as well as sensitivities to reference toxicant and contaminated sediments, were investigated usingM. mai andM. acherusicum in the present study. These amphipods were tolerant to relatively wide ranges of salinity (10~30 psu) and ammonia (<50 ppm), and displayed relevant sensitivity to temperature as well. They are more sensitive to Cd, the reference toxicant, when compared to the standard test species used in other countries. Field-sediment toxicity tests revealed thatM. mai would be more sensitive to sediment-associated pollutants thanM. acherusicum, while the sensitivity ofM. acherusicum was comparable to that ofLeptocheirus plumulosus, which has been used as a standard test species in the United States of America. Overall results of this first attempt to develop an amphipod sediment toxicity test protocol in Korea indicated thatM. mai andM. acherusicum would be applicable in the toxicity assessment of contaminated sediments, following the further evaluation encompassing various ecological and toxicological studies in addition to test method standardization.  相似文献   

Thermal and haline fronts in the Yellow/East China Seas: Surface and subsurface seasonality comparison   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Sunghyea Park  Peter C. Chu 《Journal of Oceanography》2006,62(5):617-638

Seasonal variability of surface and subsurface thermal/haline fronts in the Yellow/East China Seas (YES) has been investigated using three-dimensional monthly-mean temperature and salinity data from U.S. Navy’s Generalized Digital Environmental Model (Version 3.0). The density-compensated Cheju-Yangtze Thermal/Haline Front has (northern and southern) double-tongues. The northern tongue is most evident throughout the depth from December to April. The southern tongue is persistent at the subsurface with conspicuous haline fronts. The thermal (haline) frontal intensity of the northern tongue is controlled mainly by the temperature (salinity) variation on the shoreward (seaward) side of the front. The cold water over the Yangtze Bank is influential in generating the southern tongue and intensifying the Tsushima Thermal Front. The year-round Cheju-Tsushima Thermal Front is evident throughout the depth and intensifies from July to December. The northern arc of the Yangtze Ring Haline Front is manifest in spring and is sustained until summer, whereas the southern one is fully developed in summer because of eastward migration of the Yangtze Diluted Water. The area showing strong frontal intensity in the Chinese Coastal Haline Front shifts seasonally north and south along the Zhejiang-Fujian coast. The Generation and evolution of YES fronts are closely associated with YES circulation (inferred from the linkage of the water masses). Moreover, the subsurface temperature/salinity evolution on the fronts in the Yellow Sea differs from that in the East China Sea owing to local factors such as wintertime vertical mixing and a summertime strong thermocline above the Yellow Sea Bottom Cold Water.  相似文献   

Acoustic characters and distribution pattern of modern fine-grained deposits in a tide-dominated coastal bay: Jinhae Bay,Southeast Korea     

S. C. Park  K. W. Lee  Y. I. Song 《Geo-Marine Letters》1995,15(2):77-84

Jinhae Bay, a semi-enclosed, tide-dominated coastal embayment on the southeastern coast of Korea, receives large amounts of sediment derived from the Nakdong River. The irregular surface of the acoustic basement is overlain by a modern sedimentary sequence up to 25 m thick, characterized by an acoustically semitransparent subbottom. Sediments, consisting mainly of terrigenous and bioturbated mud, accumulate at a rate of 2–5 mm/yr. About 21% of the suspended sediments discharged from the Nakdong River, that is approximately 1.0 × 10⁶ tons per year, accumulate in Jinhae Bay. Modern sedimentation began probably at about 5000 yr BP, when sea level approached its present level.  相似文献   

Three-dimensional hydrodynamic-eutrophication model (HEM-3D): application to Kwang-Yang Bay, Korea   总被引：9，自引：0，他引：9  

Park K  Jung HS  Kim HS  Ahn SM 《Marine environmental research》2005,60(2):171-193

The purpose of this paper is twofold: to describe the water quality model of Three-Dimensional Hydrodynamic-Eutrophication Model (HEM-3D) and to present an application of HEM-3D to a coastal system in Korea. HEM-3D, listed as a tool for the development of Total Maximum Daily Load by US Environmental Protection Agency, is a general-purpose modeling package for simulation of the flow field, transport, and eutrophication processes throughout the water column and of diagenetic processes in the benthic sediment. This paper describes the water quality model of HEM-3D with emphasis on its unique features. Excessive loadings of organic wastes have significantly deteriorated water quality conditions of Korean coastal waters. This paper presents an application of HEM-3D to Kwang-Yang Bay, a coastal system in Korea, which is one of the first water quality modeling efforts for Korean coastal waters accompanied by a relatively comprehensive field program. The current status of data availability for water quality modeling in Korea is discussed.  相似文献