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A modified procedure has been proposed for the colorimetric determination of dissolved oxygen in seawater to improve its precision and accuracy. When a pickled sample is acidified, iodine liberated in the iodometric reaction is measured by direct spectrophotometry at 456 nm. Loss of molecular iodine by volatilization is eliminated by transferring the sample to a flow cuvette without contact with air. The method was calibrated for oxygen by spiking known amounts of potassium iodate. Precision was found at better than 0.2% r.s.d. (full scale). Evaluation of accuracy was made by comparison with calculated oxygen solubilities, which shows a relative bias of no more than 0.5% for oxic waters. The analytical throughput was much faster than that of the standard titration procedure. 相似文献
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District-wide drought climatology of the southwest monsoon season over India based on standardized precipitation index (SPI) 总被引：5，自引：1，他引：4
District-wide drought climatology over India for the southwest monsoon season (June–September) has been examined using two
simple drought indices; Percent of Normal Precipitation (PNP) and Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI). The season drought
indices were computed using long times series (1901–2003) of southwest monsoon season rainfall data of 458 districts over
the country. Identification of all India (nation-wide) drought incidences using both PNP and SPI yielded nearly similar results.
However, the district-wide climatology based on PNP was biased by the aridity of the region. Whereas district-wide drought
climatology based on SPI was not biased by aridity. This study shows that SPI is a better drought index than PNP for the district-wide
drought monitoring over the country. SPI is also suitable for examining break and active events in the southwest monsoon rainfall
over the country. The trend analysis of district-wide season (June–September) SPI series showed significant negative trends
over several districts from Chattisgarh, Bihar, Kerala, Jharkhand, Assam and Meghalaya, Uttaranchal, east Madhya Pradesh,
Vidarbha etc., Whereas significant positive trends in the SPI series were observed over several districts from west Uttar
Pradesh, west Madhya Pradesh, South & north Interior Karnataka, Konkan and Goa, Madhya Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, East Uttar
Pradesh, Punjab, Gujarat etc. 相似文献
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In this study, several types of adaptive network‐based fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) with different membership functions (MFs) and artificial neural network (ANN) were employed to predict hourly photochemical oxidants that were oxidizing substances such as ozone and peroxiacetyl nitrate produced by photochemical reactions. The results indicated that ANFIS statistically outperforms ANN in terms of hourly oxidant prediction. The minimum mean absolute percentage errors (MAPEs) of 4.99% could be achieved using ANFIS with bell shaped MFs. The maximum correlation coefficient, the minimum mean square errors, and the minimum root mean square errors were 0.99, 0.15, and 0.39, respectively. ANFIS's architecture consists of both ANN and fuzzy logic including linguistic expression of MFs and if‐then rules, so it can overcome the limitations of traditional neural network and increase the prediction performance. 相似文献
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Tzu‐Yi Pai Terng‐Jou Wan Yung‐Pin Tsai Chwen‐Jeng Tzeng Hsiao‐Hsing Chu Yao‐Sheng Tsai Ching‐Yuan Lin 《洁净——土壤、空气、水》2010,38(2):167-172
In this study, the effect of sludge retention time on ammonia oxidizing bacteria (AOB) and nitrite oxidizing bacteria (NOB) in an anaerobic/oxic (AO) process, was explored. The results indicated that the growth rate constants of AOB were 0.97, 0.88, and 0.79 d–1, respectively, meanwhile, those of NOB were 1.22, 1.03, and 0.93 d–1, respectively, when the sludge retention time (SRT) was 15 days, 10 days and 5 days. The relation between the growth rate constant and the SRT could be best described using a simple exponential curve and a second type hyperbolic curve. The lysis rate constants for AOB and NOB were 0.13 and 0.18 d–1, respectively. The yield coefficients values of AOB and NOB were 0.22 and 0.21, respectively. The percentage of AOB to mixed liquid suspended solids (MLSS) was 0.64%, 0.53%, and 0.35%, respectively. Meanwhile, the percentage of NOB was 2.24%, 1.87%, and 1.11%, respectively, at SRT values of 15 days, 10 days and 5 days. When the SRT value decreased, the AOB and NOB biomass levels decreased by 12.75 and 47.01 mg L–1, respectively. Meanwhile the removal efficiency of NH4+‐N decreased from 90 to 26%, while the removal efficiency of total nitrogen (TN) decreased from 14 to 8%. 相似文献
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D. S. Pai 《Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics》2004,86(3-4):143-157
Summary Observational data are used to explore the relationship between surface air temperature anomaly gradients and Indian summer monsoon rainfall (ISMR). The meridional temperature anomaly gradient across Eurasia during January directed towards equator (pole) is a very good precursor of subsequent excess (deficient) Indian summer monsoon rainfall (ISMR). This gradient directed towards equator (pole) indicates below (above) normal blocking activity over Eurasia, which leads to less (more) than normal southward penetration of dry and cold mid latitude westerlies over the Indian monsoon region, which ultimately strengthens (weakens) the normal monsoon circulation. These findings suggest a mechanism for the weakening of relationship between El Niño and ISMR.Though there is a strong fundamental association between El Niño (warm ENSO) and deficient Indian summer monsoon rainfall (ISMR), this relationship was weak during the period 1921–1940 and the recent decade (1991–1998). During the El Niño years of 1921–1940 and 1901–1998, the meridional temperature anomaly gradient across Eurasia (Eurasian forcing) during January was directed towards equator. On the other hand, during the El Niño years of 1901–1920 and 1941–1990 this gradient was directed towards pole. Thus during 1921–1940 and 1991–1998, the adverse impact of El Niño on Indian monsoon was reduced by the favorable Eurasian forcing resulting in the weak association between El Niño and ISMR. This finding disagrees with the hypothesis of winter warming over the Eurasian continent as the reason for the observed weakening of this relationship during recent decade. 相似文献
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Natural Hazards - This study proposes a novel ensemble empirical mode decomposition (EEMD) time-dependent intrinsic cross-correlation (TDICC)-coupled framework to investigate the correlation... 相似文献
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