Regional Inequality in China: A Case Study of Jiangsu Province     

Yehua Dennis Wei  C. Cindy Fan 《The Professional geographer》2000,52(3):455-469

The tremendous changes in China's development philosophy and regional economies during the last two decades have carved out selectively new locations of development across the nation. While politicians heatedly debate the acceptable levels of regional inequality, most scholarly studies focus on broad aggregate trends of inequality among provinces and groups of provinces, and pay little attention to identifying and conceptualizing sources and major agents of spatial change. This paper aims at revealing detailed spatial ramifications of the reforms, and at understanding the impacts of the state, local agents, and foreign investors on regional development. To this effect, we conduct a disaggregated and empirical study of Jiangsu, a coastal province experiencing dramatic economic and spatial restructuring. We show that local agents which favor rural industrial enterprises accelerated new growth in selected rural areas, in contrast to slower growth of older cities and state‐owned enterprises, resulting in a net decline of intercounty inequality. But the coalescence of state policy, local agents, and foreign investment has widened the historical gap between northern and southern Jiangsu, and is likely to accelerate intercounty inequality in the future. Our study demonstrates the utility of the “developments from above, below and outside” framework for analyzing key forces of regional growth in socialist transitional economies.  相似文献   

人口高密度较发达农业区的经济发展与人口迁移--以广东省高州市为例     

李玲  C. Cindy Fan  蒋海红 《热带地理》2000,20(3):195-198

农村剩余劳动力外了是我国人多地少、以农业为主要经济部门地区的普遍现象。在经济发展水平较高地区,又有欠发达区农村劳动力的补偿性流入及妇女的婚姻迁入。文中以对劳动力外出和妇女的婚姻迁入都极为活跃的高州市的实际调查为例,分析自然资源条件和经济结构对人口迁移的影响。  相似文献   

Summary of the Regional Workshop on Climate Variability and Change and their Health Effects in Pacific Island Countries     

Cindy Lou Parker  Carlos F. Corvalan 《Global Change & Human Health》2000,1(2):132-133

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Further investigations on why POC concentrations differ in samples collected by Niskin bottle and in situ pump     

Zhanfei Liu  J. Kirk Cochran  Cindy Lee  Beat Gasser  Juan Carlos Miquel  Stuart G. Wakeham 《Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography》2009,56(18):1558-1567

Particulate organic carbon (POC) concentrations measured in bottles are often higher than those measured by in situ pumps when samples are taken concurrently. In previous work, we suggested that differential collection of zooplankton might explain this systematic discrepancy in POC between these small volume (bottle) and large volume (in situ pump) techniques. We have now further quantified the carbon contributed by zooplankton collected in the >70-μm particulate fractions from both bottles and pumps at sites in the Mediterranean Sea and Long Island Sound. Our results show that zooplankton abundance and lipid concentrations from zooplankton are one order of magnitude higher in the bottles than in the pumps, supporting the idea that part of the pump–bottle difference is due to collection of more zooplankton by the bottles. Particle washout off the 70-μm mesh used in the in situ pump may cause loss of some particles as well. However, zooplankton in the >70-μm fraction from the bottles contributed only about 1–2 μM POC, which cannot explain the up to 20 μM POC differences observed in this study. Thus, the mechanisms leading to such a large POC difference are still unclear and need to be further investigated. POC concentrations measured using microquartz filters were similar to those using glass fiber filters, suggesting that filter types cannot explain the higher POC observed in bottles, where glass fiber filters are normally used. Furthermore, we investigated several different pump inlet designs to determine how these might affect the ability of pumps to collect and retain large (>70 μm) particles, including zooplankton. The comparison among different pump inlets suggests that inlet design affects the efficiency and retention of large particles and that a sealed filter holder with a narrow right-angle tubular opening is the most efficient at catching/retaining zooplankton.  相似文献   

Marine Dissolved Organic Phosphorus Composition: Insights from Samples Recovered Using Combined Electrodialysis/Reverse Osmosis     

Cindy L. Young  Ellery D. Ingall 《Aquatic Geochemistry》2010,16(4):563-574

The dominant phosphorus compound classes were characterized in marine samples using a new, high recovery method for isolating and concentrating bulk dissolved organic matter (DOM) called combined electrodialysis + reverse osmosis (ED/RO). In contrast to earlier studies that use ultrafiltration (UF) to recover only the high molecular weight DOM, ED/RO is capable of isolating both low molecular weight (LMW) and high molecular weight (HMW) DOM. Samples were collected from a broad range of marine environments: along a transect incorporating coastal and offshore waters off the Southeastern United States, in Effingham Inlet, a Pacific fjord located on Vancouver Island, British Columbia and in the Amundsen Sea, Antarctica. Results from phosphorus nuclear magnetic resonance (³¹P NMR) analysis reveal a similar abundance of P compound classes among samples, phosphate esters (80–85%), phosphonates (5–10%) and polyphosphates (8–13%). These samples contain significantly higher proportions of polyphosphate P and P esters and lower proportions of phosphonates than measured in previous studies using the UF method. The much higher levels of polyphosphate detected in our samples suggests that polyphosphate is present mainly in the LMW dissolved matter fraction. Polyphosphates in dissolved matter may be present as (or derived from) dissolved nucleotides or organismal polyphosphate bodies, or both. Low molecular weight P esters are possibly composed of phosphoamino acids and small carbohydrates, like simple sugar phosphates and/or dissolved nucleotides. Phosphonates in DOM are more prevalent as HMW phosphonate compounds, which suggests that LMW phosphonates are more readily utilized in marine ecosystems. Overall, the investigation of DOM across a size spectrum that includes both the HMW and the LMW fractions reveals a new picture of phosphorus distribution, cycling and bioavailability.  相似文献   

Role of the atmospheric mean state on the initiation of the Madden-Julian oscillation in a tropical channel model     

Pallav Ray  Chidong Zhang  Mitchell W. Moncrieff  Jim Dudhia  Julie M. Caron  L. Ruby Leung  Cindy Bruyere 《Climate Dynamics》2011,36(1-2):161-184

Tropical channel models, defined as models that are global in the zonal direction but bounded in the meridional direction, are particularly useful for simulating the Madden-Julian oscillation (MJO) and understanding its physical and dynamical basis. Influences from the extratropics through the lateral boundaries have been found to be essential to the reproduction of the initiation of certain MJO events. This led to a hypothesis that multi-year simulations using a tropical channel model would reproduce reasonable MJO statistics under the influence of prescribed lateral boundary conditions derived from global reanalyses. Interestingly, the MJO statistics in such a multi-year simulation by a high-resolution tropical channel model are not better than those from global climate models. The error in the atmospheric mean state is found to be a possible reason for the poor MJO statistics in the simulation. Nevertheless, even with a large error in the mean state, the multi-year simulation captures two MJO events previously found to be initiated by extratropical influences. However, the model does not reproduce a third event, whose initiation is not directly influenced by the extratropics. This implies that in the absence of dynamical interactions between the MJO and the lateral boundary conditions, the error in the mean state could be sufficient to prevent the MJO initiation. To explore this third MJO event further, a series of sensitivity tests are conducted. These tests show that the simulation of this event is neither critically influenced by the cumulus parameterization employed, nor the initial conditions when the model is integrated 2?weeks prior to the MJO initiation. The model captures this event when the MJO signal is already present in the initial conditions. The use of high-resolution sea surface temperature does not improve the simulation of the third MJO event. A higher-resolution nested domain covering the Indo-Pacific warm pool region and including a cloud-system resolving domain over the Indonesian Maritime Continent has little effect on the MJO initiation over the Indian Ocean. In <2?weeks the error in the simulation is comparable to the climate error. The role of the simulated MJO on the mean state is also explored. Implications and limitations of these results are discussed.  相似文献   

Using principal components analysis (PCA) with cluster analysis to study the organic geochemistry of sinking particles in the ocean     

Jianhong Xue  Cindy LeeStuart G. Wakeham  Robert A. Armstrong 《Organic Geochemistry》2011,42(4):356-367

Principal components analysis (PCA) is a multivariate data analysis tool that can be used to recombine the variables of a large multivariate dataset in such a way that the first few variables of the reconstructed dataset account for the majority of the variance in the data. Application of PCA in marine geochemistry has become quite common in recent years. In this study, we illustrate the use of PCA through examples that arose while investigating the geochemistry of sinking particles during the MedFlux project. The examples presented do not simply repeat the analyses of the original study, but instead extend them in the context of simultaneous application of PCA and cluster analysis. Our results show that constructing a one dimensional (1D) “degradation index” using only the first principal component (PC) is in most cases oversimplified, and that constructing 2D or 3D “degradation trajectories” with the first 2 or 3 PCs is more informative. Use of the first three PCs is indicated when the variance explained by the third PC is comparable in magnitude to that explained by the second PC in the reconstructed dataset. We also discuss the use of scree plots and cluster analysis in helping decide whether the third PC is needed to capture the essential information in the dataset.  相似文献   

The Mediterranean response to different space–time resolution atmospheric forcings using perpetual mode sensitivity simulations     

Cindy Lebeaupin Brossier  Karine Béranger  Charles Deltel  Philippe Drobinski 《Ocean Modelling》2011,36(1-2):1-25

The Mediterranean basin features a semi-enclosed sea, where interactions and feedbacks between the atmosphere and the Sea at various temporal and spatial scales play a predominant role in the regional climate. This study analyzes the Mediterranean Sea response in sensitivity experiments conducted by driving the NEMO-MED12 oceanic model in perpetual mode with various atmospheric forcings, all produced by the WRF non-hydrostatic mesoscale atmospheric model, but differing by their resolutions: two horizontal resolutions (20 km at basin scale and 6.7 km in the North-Western [NWE] area) and two temporal resolutions (daily and three-hourly). The atmospheric fields available from August 1998 to July 1999 are in good agreement with estimates derived from satellite data. The heat budget of the Mediterranean Sea represents an heat loss of 5 W/m² and the annual freshwater budget is ?1.04 m, in agreement with climatologies. An increase in the spatial resolution in the NWE area modifies the modeled circulation from ?10% to +15% for the SST, from ?30% to +50% for the SSS, from ?10% to +30% for the MLD and from ?10% to +30% for the EKE in surface. The increase in the wind speed with a better chanelling by the land orography enhances in particular the oceanic convection process in the NWE area. On the other hand, the increase in the temporal resolution reduces the convection process, because of the diurnal restratification of the oceanic upper layer. It also reduces the surface parameters high-frequency variability, whereas it increases the EKE values in surface, due to the rapid response to the wind.  相似文献   

Chandra monitoring of the candidate anomalous X-ray pulsar AX J1845.0-0258     

Cindy R. Tam  Victoria M. Kaspi  Bryan M. Gaensler  Eric V. Gotthelf 《Astrophysics and Space Science》2007,308(1-4):519-523

The population of clearly identified anomalous X-ray pulsars has recently grown to seven, however, one candidate anomalous X-ray pulsar (AXP) still eludes re-confirmation. Here, we present a set of seven Chandra ACIS-S observations of the transient pulsar AX J1845.0-0258, obtained during 2003. Our observations reveal a faint X-ray point source within the ASCA error circle of AX J1845.0-0258’s discovery, which we designate CXOU J184454.6-025653 and tentatively identify as the quiescent AXP. Its spectrum is well described by an absorbed single-component blackbody (kT∼2.0 keV) or power law (Γ∼1.0) that is steady in flux on timescales of at least months, but fainter than AX J1845.0-0258 was during its 1993 period of X-ray enhancement by at least a factor of 13. Compared to the outburst spectrum of AX J1845.0-0258, CXOU J184454.6-025653 is considerably harder: if truly the counterpart, then its spectral behavior is contrary to that seen in the established transient AXP XTE J1810-197, which softened from kT∼0.67 keV to ∼0.18 keV in quiescence. This unexpected result prompts us to examine the possibility that we have observed an unrelated source, and we discuss the implications for AXPs, and magnetars in general.   相似文献   

Bias corrections of global models for regional climate simulations of high-impact weather   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

Cindy L. Bruyère  James M. Done  Greg J. Holland  Sherrie Fredrick 《Climate Dynamics》2014,43(7-8):1847-1856

All global circulation models (GCMs) suffer from some form of bias, which when used as boundary conditions for regional climate models may impact the simulations, perhaps severely. Here we present a bias correction method that corrects the mean error in the GCM, but retains the six-hourly weather, longer-period climate-variability and climate change from the GCM. We utilize six different bias correction experiments; each correcting different bias components. The impact of the full bias correction and the individual components are examined in relation to tropical cyclones, precipitation and temperature. We show that correcting of all boundary data provides the greatest improvement.  相似文献