The Kverkfj?ll fissure swarm and the eastern boundary of the Northern Volcanic Rift Zone, Iceland     

ásta Rut Hjartardóttir  Páll Einarsson 《Bulletin of Volcanology》2012,74(1):143-162

Rift zones at the divergent plate boundary in Iceland consist of central volcanoes with swarms of fractures and fissures extending away from them. Fissure swarms can display different characteristics, in accordance with their locations within the ∼50-km-wide rift zones. To better discern the characteristics of fissure swarms, we mapped tectonic fractures and volcanic fissures within the Kverkfj?ll volcanic system, which is located in the easternmost part of the Northern Volcanic Rift Zone (NVZ). To do this, we used aerial photographs and satellite images. We find that rifting structures such as tectonic fractures, Holocene volcanic fissures, and hyaloclastite ridges are unevenly distributed in the easternmost part of the NVZ. The Kverkfj?ll fissure swarm extends 60 km north of the Kverkfj?ll central volcano. Holocene volcanic fissures are only found within 20 km from the volcano. The Fjallgarear area, extending north of the Kverkfj?ll fissure swarm, is characterized by narrow hyaloclastite ridges indicating subglacial volcanism. We suggest that the lack of fractures and Holocene volcanic fissures there indicates decreasing activity towards the north in the easternmost part of the NVZ, due to increasing distance from the long-term spreading axis. We argue that arcuate hyaloclastite ridges at the eastern boundary of the Northern Volcanic Rift Zone are mainly formed during deglaciations, when three conditions may occur; firstly, eruption rate increases due to decompression of the mantle. Secondly, the high tensile stresses accumulated during glaciations due to lack of magma supply may be relieved as magma supply increases during deglaciations. Thirdly, faulting may occur during unloading due to differential movements between the thinner and younger Northern Volcanic Rift Zone crust and the thicker and older crust to the east of it.  相似文献   

Seismic analysis and strengthening of Pico Island Churches     

António Arêde  Aníbal Costa  Domingos Moreira  Nuno Neves 《Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering》2012,10(1):181-209

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Development of an innovative seismic strengthening technique for traditional load-bearing masonry walls     

Jorge Proen?a  António Sousa Gago  Joaquim Cardoso  Vítor Cóias  Raquel Paula 《Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering》2012,10(1):113-133

Traditional non-reinforced masonry walls are particularly prone to failure when subjected to out-of-plane loads and displacements caused by earthquakes. Moreover, singularities such as openings in fa?ades may trigger local collapse, for either in-plane or out-of plane motion. Bearing in mind all the former limitations, STAP, with the scientific support of ICIST and LNEC, has been developing a reduced intrusiveness seismic strengthening methodology for traditional masonry structures. The technique consists in externally applying Glass Fibre Reinforced Polymer (GFRP) composite strips to one or both faces of walls. Connection between GFRP composite strips and masonry substrate is enhanced through specifically detailed anchorages or confinement connectors. This technique has been developed and studied through an extensive series of experimental tests, which are briefly reviewed. This paper focuses more deeply on the latest experimental program, aimed at the characterization of the masonry-GFRP composite interface behaviour. This testing program comprised 29 masonry specimens, strengthened with externally bonded GFRP composite strips with anchorages. The testing variables were the number and spacing of anchorages as well as the loading history type: monotonic or repeated. Results clearly show that the use of anchorages dramatically enhances bond behaviour and that its number and spacing have a significant effect on deformation capacity and a less pronounced effect on strength. Based on experimental evidence, this paper also provides a calculation model and ULS safety assessment procedure for out-of-plane strength of reinforced masonry walls. This calculation model leads to interaction curves on strengthened masonry walls subjected to compression and out-of-plane flexure.  相似文献   

Calibration and application of a continuum damage model on the simulation of stone masonry structures: Gondar church as a case study     

Bruno Silva  Jo?o M. Guedes  António Arêde  Aníbal Costa 《Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering》2012,10(1):211-234

The conservation and rehabilitation of monuments is a matter of important investigation, and the need for accurate structural analysis, capable of effectively predicting the structural behaviour of this type of constructions, under static and dynamic loads, is increasing. Currently there are numerous computational methods and tools, supported by different theories and strategies with different levels of complexity, computation time and cost which are available to perform such analyses. A complex analysis is not always synonym of a better result and the choice of a method over another depends mostly on the purpose of the analysis. This work aims at evaluating the capacity of a non linear continuum damage model (Faria et al. in Int J Solids Struct 35(14):1533–1558, 1998), originally developed for concrete structures, to simulate the behaviour of stone masonry structures. In particular, the seismic response of an old stone masonry construction, the Gondar church, is analysed considering different levels of geometrical and material complexity. The verification and calibration procedures use the experimental results from tests performed on stone masonry walls at the Laboratory for Earthquake and Structural Engineering of the Faculty of Engineering of Porto University and from other tests found in the bibliography (Vasconcelos in Experimental investigations on the mechanics of stone masonry: Characterization of granites and behaviour of ancient masonry shear walls. PhD Thesis, Universidade do Minho, Guimar?es, Portugal, 2005). The results are compared, assessing the differences and the importance of using complex tools, such as the continuum damage model, to better simulate and understand the global behaviour of such constructions.  相似文献   

Comparative efficiency analysis of different nonlinear modelling strategies to simulate the biaxial response of RC columns     

Hugo Rodrigues  Humberto Varum  António Arède  Anibal Costa 《地震工程与工程振动(英文版)》2012,11(4):553-566

The performance of different nonlinear modelling strategies to simulate the response of RC columns subjected to axial load combined with cyclic biaxial horizontal loading is compared. The models studied are classified into two categories according to the nonlinearity distribution assumed in the elements: lumped-plasticity and distributed inelasticity. For this study, results of tests on 24 columns subjected to cyclic uniaxial and biaxial lateral displacements were numerically reproduced. The analyses show that the global envelope response is satisfactorily represented with the three modelling strategies, but significant differences were found in the strength degradation for higher drift demands and energy dissipation.  相似文献   

Full‐scale Applications of Membrane Filtration in Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plants     

Marek Holba  Karel Plotěný  Lukáš Dvořák  Marcel Gómez  Iveta Růžičková 《洁净——土壤、空气、水》2012,40(5):479-486

The performance of one pilot‐scale and two full‐scale membrane bioreactors (MBR) were evaluated based on the control of main operational parameters, composition of microbial community and pathogens concentration in the treated outlet. Plants were designed for 0.75 m³/day (A), 60 m³/day (B) and 30 m³/day (C). Inlet and outlet samples were monitored for chemical oxygen demand (COD), biological oxygen demand, total suspended solids, ammonia nitrogen concentration (NH₄–N), nitrate nitrogen concentration, total Kjeldahl nitrogen, total phosphorus and phosphate phosphorus concentration concentrations. Plants showed good COD removal: 91.9% for Plant A, 97.8% for Plant B and 94.2% for Plant C. The targeted nitrogenous ion was NH₄–N due to the requirements for outlet limits. NH₄–N removal was moderate for Plant A (73.3%) and Plant B (86.1%) and excellent for Plant C (>99%). Excellent phosphorus removal was achieved by Plant A (average outlet concentration was 0.7 mg/L, efficiency 84.7%). Unsatisfactory results for phosphorus removal were achieved at the full‐scale plants due to operational problems. The dependency between the extracellular polymeric substances increase and decreasing mixed liquor volatile suspended solids for both lab and full‐scale plants was confirmed. Soluble microbial product concentrations were reduced by 65–68% after coagulant dosage for Plant A. Outlets from the MBR plants were monitored for the presence of pathogens (thermotolerant coliforms, Escherichia coli, intestinal Enterococci and culturable microorganisms at 22 and 37°C). The treated effluent from Plant A, B and C met Czech national legislation regarding reuse criteria (standards) for environment, irrigation and swimming purposes. Plants B and C were not able to achieve requirements for potable water and personal hygiene quality standards.  相似文献   

Time trend in natural-cause,circulatory-cause and respiratory-cause mortality associated with cold waves in Spain, 1975–2008     

C. Linares  I. J. Mirón  R. Carmona  R. Sánchez  J. Díaz 《Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment (SERRA)》2016,30(6):1565-1574

In general, there are few studies that analyse the impact of low temperatures on mortality, and even fewer that extend this analysis to specific causes of mortality. This study had a twofold aim: Firstly, to analyse the trend in natural-, circulatory- and respiratory-cause mortality associated with cold waves in Castile-La Mancha (Spain) across a period of analysis of 34 years, which would confer an important degree of temporal representativeness on the results obtained; and secondly, to ascertain whether this impact had decreased over the years. Time series analysis using multivariate ARIMA models with data on daily natural-, circulatory- and respiratory-cause mortality in Castile-La Mancha. The independent variables were minimum daily temperature, mean daily pressure and mean daily relative humidity. We controlled for seasonalities and trend of the series, as well as influenza epidemics, cold-wave duration and chronological number in any given year. Data were stratified in three ten-year stages, i.e., 1975–1985, 1986–1996 and 1997–2008. The mortality trigger temperature was set at a minimum daily temperature of ?2 °C, corresponding to the 4th ‰ of the minimum temperature series for the winter months considered. The impact on daily natural-cause mortality for each degree that the minimum daily temperature was below ?2 °C was: 10.4 % (95 % CI 9.6–11.2) in the first decade; 11.9 % (95 % CI 11.0–12.8) in the second decade; and fell to 1.6 % (95 % CI 0.9–2.3) in the third. This same pattern was observed for circulatory- and respiratory-cause mortality, with the effect of cold being greater for respiratory causes. Socio-economic factors -both of adaptation and demographic- could account for this sharp decrease in mortality associated with low temperatures. These results question climate models which predict the effects of cold over long-term time horizons, while maintaining the risk attributable to low temperatures constant. Studies similar to ours should be undertaken in other regions to confirm whether it is solely local characteristics that explain this pattern or, on the contrary, whether the pattern is generalised.  相似文献   

Non‐Metabolic Uptake of Al3+ by Dead Leaves of Rubus ulmifolius: Comparison With Metabolic Bioaccumulation Data          下载免费PDF全文

Pablo Lodeiro  Marta López‐García  Luz Herrero  José L. Barriada  Roberto Herrero  Leticia Carro  Teresa Vilariño  Pilar Rodríguez  Manuel E. Sastre de Vicente 《洁净——土壤、空气、水》2016,44(2):154-161

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Operational and Environmental Conditions for Efficient Biological Nutrient Removal in an Urban Wastewater Treatment Plant          下载免费PDF全文

Javier Bayo  Joaquín López‐Castellanos  Julio Puerta 《洁净——土壤、空气、水》2016,44(9):1123-1130

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Climate Change Impact on Hydrological Extremes: Preliminary Results from the Polish-Norwegian Project   总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1  

Renata J. Romanowicz  Ewa Bogdanowicz  Sisay E. Debele  Joanna Doroszkiewicz  Hege Hisdal  Deborah Lawrence  Hadush K. Meresa  Jaroslaw J. Napiórkowski  Marzena Osuch  Witold G. Strupczewski  Donna Wilson  Wai Kwok Wong 《Acta Geophysica》2016,64(2):477-509

This paper presents the background, objectives, and preliminary outcomes from the first year of activities of the Polish–Norwegian project CHIHE (Climate Change Impact on Hydrological Extremes). The project aims to estimate the influence of climate changes on extreme river flows (low and high) and to evaluate the impact on the frequency of occurrence of hydrological extremes. Eight “twinned” catchments in Poland and Norway serve as case studies. We present the procedures of the catchment selection applied in Norway and Poland and a database consisting of near-natural ten Polish and eight Norwegian catchments constructed for the purpose of climate impact assessment. Climate projections for selected catchments are described and compared with observations of temperature and precipitation available for the reference period. Future changes based on those projections are analysed and assessed for two periods, the near future (2021–2050) and the far-future (2071–2100). The results indicate increases in precipitation and temperature in the periods and regions studied both in Poland and Norway.  相似文献