International reductions of greenhouse-gas emissions: An equitable and efficient approach     

Barry D. Solomon  Dilip R. Ahuja   《Global Environmental Change》1991,1(5)

A strategy for a successful climate protection convention must highlight the role of equity in order to bring more nations to the bargaining table. The authors propose two commercial energy protocols for consideration by negotiators in this light. The first links international trading in greenhouse-gas emission ‘rights’ to a country's historical per capita carbon emissions. The charge for these rights should be based on the negotiated reduction in global emissions and the demand for them, via the marketplace. The second requires inefficient countries to make steady improvements in energy efficiency or fuel substitution away from carbon as their economies develop.  相似文献   

Differentiation of crusts and cores of the terrestrial planets: Lessons for the early Earth?     

Sean C Solomon 《Precambrian Research》1980,10(3-4)

It now appears probable that all of the terrestrial planets underwent some form of global chemical differentiation to produce crusts, mantles, and cores of variable relative mass fractions. There is direct seismic evidence for a crust on the Moon, and indirect evidence for distinct crusts on Mars and Venus. Substantial portions of these crusts have been in place since the time that heavy bombardment of the inner solar system ceased 4 Ga ago. There is direct evidence for a sizeable core on Mars, indirect evidence for one on Mercury, and bounds on a possible small core for the Moon. Core formation is an important heat source confined to times prior to 4 Ga ago for Mercury and the Earth, but was not closely linked to crustal formation on the Moon nor, apparently, on Mars. The tectonic and volcanic histories of the surfaces of the terrestrial planets Moon, Mars, and Mercury can be used, with simple thermal history models, to restrict the earliest chemical differentiation to be shallow (outer 200–400 km) for the first two bodies and much more extensive for Mercury. Extension of these models to an Earth-size planet leads to the prediction of a hot and vigorously convecting mantle with an easily deformable crust immediately following core formation, and of the gradual development of a lithosphere and of plates with some lateral rigidity in Late Archean—Proterozoic times.  相似文献   

How do hurricanes impact scholastic achievement? A Caribbean perspective     

Nekeisha Spencer  Solomon Polachek  Eric Strobl 《Natural Hazards》2016,84(2):1437-1462

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Large-scale GIS-based hydrogeological modeling of Flanders: a tool for groundwater management     

Jan Cools  Yves Meyus  Solomon Tuccu Woldeamlak  Okke Batelaan  Florimond De Smedt 《Environmental Geology》2006,50(8):1201-1209

For the implementation of the European Union Water Framework Directive (WFD), technological and scientific support are required. This paper presents a methodology to support a first step of the implementation of WFD, which is the delineation of groundwater bodies. The methodology consists of (1) the development of a complete and generally-accepted hydrogeological classification system for Flanders, named the HCOV code, (2) the development of a geographic information systems (GIS)-managed borehole database, and (3) the development of aquifer and aquitard models by means of a solid modeling approach. For each unit of the hydrogeological classification code for Flanders unit, GIS maps are generated for the three basic characteristics of hydrogeological layers: extent, base level and thickness, such that combined, the volume and extent of a hydrogeological layer is unambiguously defined. This GIS-based hydrogeological database has become a useful tool for groundwater management purposes and to provide the input for groundwater modeling.  相似文献   

The role of radio in rescuing the survivors of the airship Italia     

Harvey M. Solomon  & Philip Cala-Lazar 《Polar research》2008,27(1):73-74

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A Tube Seepage Meter for In Situ Measurement of Seepage Rate and Groundwater Sampling          下载免费PDF全文

John E. Solder  Troy E. Gilmore  David P. Genereux  D. Kip Solomon 《Ground water》2016,54(4):588-595

We designed and evaluated a “tube seepage meter” for point measurements of vertical seepage rates (q), collecting groundwater samples, and estimating vertical hydraulic conductivity (K) in streambeds. Laboratory testing in artificial streambeds show that seepage rates from the tube seepage meter agreed well with expected values. Results of field testing of the tube seepage meter in a sandy‐bottom stream with a mean seepage rate of about 0.5 m/day agreed well with Darcian estimates (vertical hydraulic conductivity times head gradient) when averaged over multiple measurements. The uncertainties in q and K were evaluated with a Monte Carlo method and are typically 20% and 60%, respectively, for field data, and depend on the magnitude of the hydraulic gradient and the uncertainty in head measurements. The primary advantages of the tube seepage meter are its small footprint, concurrent and colocated assessments of q and K, and that it can also be configured as a self‐purging groundwater‐sampling device.  相似文献   

The effect of carbon dioxide cooling on trends in the F2-layer ionosphere     

Liying Qian  Alan G. Burns  Stanley C. Solomon  Raymond G. Roble 《Journal of Atmospheric and Solar》2009,71(14-15):1592-1601

The effect of carbon dioxide (CO₂) cooling on trends of h_mF₂ and N_mF₂ are investigated using a coupled thermosphere and ionosphere general circulation model. Model simulations indicate that CO₂ cooling not only causes contraction of the upper atmosphere and changes of neutral and ion composition but also changes dynamics and electrodynamics in the thermosphere/ionosphere. These changes determine the altitude dependence of ionospheric trends and complex latitudinal, longitudinal, diurnal, seasonal, and solar cycle variations of trends of h_mF₂ and N_mF₂. Under the CO₂ cooling effect, trends of N_mF₂ are negative with magnitude from 0% to −40% for doubled CO₂, depending on location, local time, season, and solar activity. The corresponding trends of h_mF₂ are mostly negative with a magnitude from 0 to −40 km, but can be positive with a magnitude from 0 to 10 km at night, with maximum positive trends occurring after midnight under solar minimum conditions.  相似文献   

The Effects of Bag Type and Meter Size on Seepage Meter Measurements     

Solomon A. Isiorho  John H. Meyer 《Ground water》1999,37(3):411-413

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Characterisation of marine and lacustrine sediments in a drowned thermokarst embayment, Richards Island, Beaufort Sea, Canada     

S. Solomon  P. J. Mudie  R. Cranston  T. Hamilton  S. A. Thibaudeau  E. S. Collins 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》2000,89(3):503-521

A multidisciplinary study was made of lakes and lagoons in a thermokarst embayment on Richards Island, Canadian Beaufort Sea, in order to investigate the response of the Mackenzie Delta shoreline to changing hydrological influences. Seismo-acoustic profiles made from an amphibious vehicle, combined with sediment core data, show that the deepest lakes contain up to 10 m of transparent or stratified silty mud overlying the Kittigazuit sand basement. Palynological and microfossil data from 21 surface samples allow delineation of freshwater, saltmarsh, tidal flat and subtidal assemblages. These modern reference data allow distinction of freshwater and marine facies in the cores and subsequent interpretation of geochemical content (carbon, ammonia, sulphate). Radiocarbon dates and ¹³⁷ Cs show that sedimentation rates have increased by an order of magnitude since drowning of the embayment during the past millennium, and that most of this sediment is from the Mackenzie River plume.  相似文献   

Probabilistic risk analysis using ordered weighted averaging (OWA) operators   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Solomon Tesfamariam  Rehan Sadiq 《Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment (SERRA)》2008,22(1):1-15

The concepts of system load and capacity are pivotal in risk analysis. The complexity in risk analysis increases when the input parameters are either stochastic (aleatory uncertainty) and/or missing (epistemic uncertainty). The aleatory and epistemic uncertainties related to input parameters are handled through simulation-based parametric and non-parametric probabilistic techniques. The complexities increase further when the empirical relationships are not strong enough to derive physical-based models. In this paper, ordered weighted averaging (OWA) operators are proposed to estimate the system load. The risk of failure is estimated by assuming normally distributed reliability index. The proposed methodology for risk analysis is illustrated using an example of nine-input parameters. Sensitivity analyses identified that the risk of failure is dominated by the attitude of a decision-maker to generate OWA weights, missing input parameters and system capacity.

Rehan Sadiq (Corresponding author)Email:

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