Formation of interstellar clouds: Parker instability with phase transitions     

Telemachos Ch. Mouschovias  Matthew W. Kunz  Duncan A. Christie 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2009,397(1):14-23

We numerically follow the nonlinear evolution of the Parker instability in the presence of phase transitions from a warm to a cold H  i interstellar medium in two spatial dimensions. The nonlinear evolution of the system favours modes that allow the magnetic field lines to cross the galactic plane. Cold H  i clouds form with typical masses  ≃10⁵ M_⊙  , mean densities  ≃20 cm⁻³  , mean magnetic-field strengths  ≃4.3 μG  (rms field strengths  ≃6.4 μG  ), mass-to-flux ratios  ≃0.1–0.3  relative to critical, temperatures  ≃50 K  , (two-dimensional) turbulent velocity dispersions  ≃1.6 km s⁻¹  and separations  ≃500 pc  , in agreement with observations. The maximum density and magnetic-field strength are  ≃10³ cm⁻³  and  ≃20 μG  , respectively. Approximately 60 per cent of all H  i mass is in the warm neutral medium. The cold neutral medium is arranged into sheet-like structures both perpendicular and parallel to the galactic plane, but it is also found almost everywhere in the galactic plane, with the density being highest in valleys of the magnetic field lines. 'Cloudlets' also form whose physical properties are in quantitative agreement with those observed for such objects by Heiles. The nonlinear phase of the evolution takes ≲30 Myr, so that, if the instability is triggered by a nonlinear perturbation such as a spiral density shock wave, interstellar clouds can form within a time suggested by observations.  相似文献   

Geologic and infrastructure factors for delineating areas for clean coal: examples in Texas, USA     

W. A. Ambrose  C. Breton  S. D. Hovorka  I. J. Duncan  G. Gülen  M. H. Holtz  V. Núñez-López 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2011,63(3):513-532

Texas has a wide variety of areas that can be targeted for new clean-coal facilities. These areas are delineated by mapping spatial linkages between coal- and lignite-bearing formations, groundwater and surface-water resources, and CO₂ sinks in brine formations for long-term CO₂ storage or in mature oil fields with potential for enhanced oil recovery (EOR). However, a variety of infrastructure factors make it feasible to also target numerous areas outside coal and lignite basins in Texas. These infrastructure factors include pipelines for delivery of CO₂ to subsurface sinks and delivery of coal-produced hydrogen to refineries, ease of connection to existing transmission lines, distribution of nonattainment areas where new clean-coal facilities could be constructed and be compliant with strict air-quality standards, and railroads that can transport coal and other feedstock to new clean-coal facilities. Primary regions in Texas where favorably co-located CO₂ source-sink factors related to coal and lignite trends include the Gulf Coast, the Eastern Shelf of the Permian Basin, and the Fort Worth Basin. However, areas outside coal and lignite basins, particularly the Permian Basin where a new clean-coal facility is being planned, also have clean-coal potential because of existing CO₂ pipelines and proximity to EOR fields that can economically sustain new clean-coal facilities.  相似文献   

Median filter behaviour with seismic data1     

G. Duncan  G. Beresford 《Geophysical Prospecting》1995,43(3):329-345

Median filters may be used with seismic data to attenuate coherent wavefields. An example is the attenuation of the downgoing wavefield in VSP data processing. The filter is applied across the traces in the ‘direction’ of the wavefield. The final result is given by subtracting the filtered version of the record from the original record. This method of median filtering may be called ‘median filtering operated in subtraction’. The method may be extended by automatically estimating the slowness of coherent wavefields on a record. The filter is then applied in a time- and-space varying manner across the record on the basis of the slowness values at each point on the record. Median filters are non-linear and hence their behaviour is more difficult to determine than linear filters. However, there are a number of methods that may be used to analyse median filter behaviour: (1) pseudo-transfer functions to specific time series; (2) the response of median filters to simple seismic models; and (3) the response of median filters to steps that simulate terminating wavefields, such as faults on stacked data. These simple methods provide an intuitive insight into the behaviour of these filters, as well as providing a semiquantitative measurement of performance. The performance degradation of median filters in the presence of trace-to-trace variations in amplitude is shown to be similar to that of linear filters. The performance of median filters (in terms of signal distortion) applied obliquely across a record may be improved by low-pass filtering (in the t-dimension). The response of median filters to steps is shown to be affected by background noise levels. The distortion of steps introduced by median filters approaches the distortion of steps introduced by the corresponding linear filter for high levels of noise.  相似文献   

The effect of strain rate on rock strength   总被引：4，自引：1，他引：4  

E. Z. Lajtai  E. J. Scott Duncan  B. J. Carter 《Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering》1991,24(2):99-109

Summary The effect of the strain rate on strength has been evaluated for two widely different rock types, a brittle limestone (Tyndallstone) and a ductile salt rock (Lanigan potash rock).Results of static and dynamic fatigue tests on Tyndallstone, a dolomitic limestone, show an increase in strength with increasing strain or stressing rate although the rate effect is very small. Although the static and dynamic fatigue tests are expected to yield the same stress corrosion parameter, no such agreement has been observed.Dynamic fatigue tests of the more ductile salt rock showed a substantial rate effect. The usual strength criteria, that consider the influence of confining pressure alone, are no longer adequate to describe the strength of Lanigan potash. A general strength criterion, that incorporates the effect of both the confining pressure and the strain rate, is proposed.  相似文献   

LAGRANGIAN METHOD USED IN THE RESEARCH OF ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION          下载免费PDF全文

陆汉城  雷兆崇 《Acta Meteorologica Sinica》1991,(2)

Based on the conservation of entropy and potential vorticity in adiabatic atmospheric motion without theconsideration of friction,calculation is made of the trajectory of a particle on an isentropic surface by use ofthe data of FGGE III-b.Results of several calculation schemes of the trajectory discussed show that thelocal data interpolation and Runge-Kutta time-integral scheme is the best.The calculated trajectory reflectsthe large-scale atmospheric motion only and the small-scale motion emerges as a deviation term of thecalculated trajectory.And then the outbreak and propagation of planetary wave are studied by means ofthe deformation of a material line,with the result showing that the material line can be tracked in the trop-osphere only in a few days,beyond which the interaction between the small-scale waves and large-scale motionleads to its dramatical twisting and deformation.Therefore,the Lagrangian method is assumed to be an effectivemeans of diagnostic research in the nonlinear interaction in atmospheric circulation,in addition to the generalstudy of the atmospheric circulation.  相似文献   

Processes controlling acid attenuation in the unsaturated zone of a Triassic sandstone aquifer (U.K.), in the absence of carbonate minerals     

P. Duncan Moss  W.M. Edmunds 《Applied Geochemistry》1992,7(6)

Continuous core samples were taken through the unsaturated zone at three sites on the outcrop of Permo-Triassic sandstone in the British West Midlands. Sample sites were chosen for lack of recent, direct anthropogenic disturbance, and for differing vegetation: heathland, birch woodland and conifer forest. Interstitial water was extracted and analyzed for 32 major and trace elements. Solid phases were analyzed for exchangeable cations and mineralogy. The rate of recharge calculated using a Cl mass balance method was three times greater below heathland than below afforested sites owing to higher evapotranspiration rates in the woodlands.Carbonate minerals were absent from the unsaturated zone at each site. Soil solutions were acidic and soils at the woodland sites were more acidic (pH 4.0) than those at the heathland site (pH 4.5). Acidic interstitial water solutions were found to up to 5.0 m depth in the unsaturated zone and are partially neutralized by two aluminosilicate mineral reactions in the unsaturated zone: cation exchange and K-feldspar dissolution. The rate at which these acid neutralizing reactions act to neutralize acidity is revealed by the rate of depletion of base cations from the unsaturated zone in recharge solutions; K⁺ (dissolution), Ca⁺² + Mg⁺² (cation exchange). The total base cation depletion rate was greatest below heathland; this can be attributed mainly to the greater rate of SO₄ assimilation by the woodland biome.  相似文献   

Book review     

Kirsty Duncan 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》1993,64(1-2):199-200

  相似文献   

En echelon crack-arrays in potash salt rock   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Dr. E. Z. Lajtai  B. J. Carter  E. J. S. Duncan 《Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering》1994,27(2):89-111

Summary There are two types of fracture patterns in the yield pillars of the potash mines of Saskatchewan. The individual members of both patterns are tensile (extension) fractures that propagate parallel with the maximum principal stress trajectory (perpendicular to the minimum principal stress). The difference between the two patterns lies in the arrangement of the member fractures. In theen echelon tensile crack-array, the macroscopic fracture consists of individual tensile cracks that are slightly offset from each other. They have only a small overlap and the child crack seems to form randomly on either side of its parent. Consequently, the en echelon tensile crack-array inherits the axial orientation of its members. In contrast, the tensile cracks of anen echelon shear crack-array, have a larger overlap and their lateral displacement from each other is biased in one direction. Therefore, the crack-array is no longer axial but inclined 20–25 degrees from the maximum principal stress direction. With increasing stress, the shear crack-array often collapses, forming theenvelope orhourglass structures of the potash mines.  相似文献   

Post-collisional adakitic volcanism in the eastern part of the Sakarya Zone, Turkey: evidence for slab and crustal melting     

Abdurrahman Dokuz  İbrahim Uysal  Wolfgang Siebel  Mehmet Turan  Robert Duncan  Miğraç Akçay 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》2013,166(5):1443-1468

New geochemical and isotopic data for post-collisional Early Eocene and Late Miocene adakitic rocks from the eastern part of the Sakarya Zone, Turkey, indicate that slab and lower crustal melting, respectively, played key roles in the petrogenesis of these rocks. The Early Eocene Yoncal?k dacite (54.4 Ma) exhibits high Sr/Y and La/Yb ratios, low Y and HREE concentrations, moderate Mg# (44–65), and relatively high εNd and low ISr values, similar to adakites formed by slab melting associated with subduction. Geochemical composition of the Yoncal?k dacite cannot be explained by simple crystal fractionation and/or crustal contamination of andesitic parent magma, but is consistent with the participation of different proportions of melts derived from subducted basalt and sediments. Sr/Y correlates horizontally with Rb/Y, and Pb/Nd correlates vertically with Nd isotopic composition, indicating that Sr and Pb budgets are strongly controlled by melt addition from the subducting slab, whereas positive correlations between Th/Nd and Pb/Nd, and Rb/Y and Nb/Y point to some contribution of sediment melt. In addition to low concentrations of heavy rare earth elements (~2–3 times chondrite), a systematic decrease in their concentrations and Nb/Ta ratios with increasing SiO₂ contents suggests that slab partial melting occurred in the garnet stability field and that these elements were mobilized by fluid flux. These geochemical and isotopic signatures are best explained by slab breakoff and fusion shortly after the initiation of collision. Although the Late Micone Tavda?? rhyolite (8.75 Ma) has some geochemical features identical to adakites, such as high Sr/Y and La/Yb ratios, low Y and HREE concentrations, other requirements, such as sodic andesite and/or dacite with relatively high MgO and Mg# (>50), relatively high Ni and Cr, low K₂O/Na₂O (<0.4), high Sr (>400 ppm), for slab-derived adakites are not provided. It is sodic in composition and shows no traces of fractionation from dacitic parent magma. Low Nd and high Sr isotope ratios suggest derivation by partial fusion of calc-alkaline, juvenile crust with high Sr/Y and La/Yb ratios.  相似文献   

Crowdsourcing urban form and function     

Andrew Crooks  Dieter Pfoser  Andrew Jenkins  Arie Croitoru  Anthony Stefanidis  Duncan Smith 《International journal of geographical information science》2013,27(5):720-741

Urban form and function have been studied extensively in urban planning and geographical information science. However, gaining a greater understanding of how they merge to define the urban morphology remains a substantial scientific challenge. Toward this goal, this paper addresses the opportunities presented by the emergence of crowdsourced data to gain novel insights into form and function in urban spaces. We are focusing in particular on information harvested from social media and other open-source and volunteered datasets (e.g. trajectory and OpenStreetMap data). These data provide a first-hand account of form and function from the people who define urban space through their activities. This novel bottom-up approach to study these concepts complements traditional urban studies to provide a new lens for studying urban activity. By synthesizing recent advancements in the analysis of open-source data, we provide a new typology for characterizing the role of crowdsourcing in the study of urban morphology. We illustrate this new perspective by showing how social media, trajectory, and traffic data can be analyzed to capture the evolving nature of a city’s form and function. While these crowd contributions may be explicit or implicit in nature, they are giving rise to an emerging research agenda for monitoring, analyzing, and modeling form and function for urban design and analysis.  相似文献