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11.
Ernest M. Agee 《Climatic change》1982,4(4):399-418
A diagnostic study of 80 yrs(1901–80) of surface temperatures collected at West Lafayette, Indiana, has been found to be in
tune with the global trend and that for the eastern two-thirds of the United States, namely, cold at the turn of the century,
warming up to about 1940, and then cooling to present. The study was divided into two cold periods (1901–18, 1947–80) and
a warm period (1919–46), based on the distribution of annual mean temperature. Decadal mean annual temperatures ranged from
10 °C in period I to 12.2 °C in period II, to 9.4 °C during the present cold period. Themean annual temperature for the 80 yr ranged from the coldest of 8.7 °C in 1979 to the warmest of 13.6 °C in 1939. Thedaily mean temperature for the entire 80-yr ranged from -4.7 °C on 31 January to 25.1 °C on 27 July. Thecoldest daily mean was -26.7 °C on 17 January, 1977, and thewarmest daily mean was 35 °C on 14 July, 1936. The range of values for thedaily mean maximum temperatures was -.2 °C on 31 January to 31.4 °C on 27 July. Corresponding values for thedaily mean minimum are -9.2 °C on 31 January and 18.7 °C on 27 July. The all-time extreme temperatures are -30.6 °C on 26 February, 1963 and
43.9 °C on 14 July, 1936.
Climatic variability has been considered by computing the standard deviations of a) the daily mean maximum and minimum temperature
per year, and b) the daily mean maximum and minimum temperatures for each day of the year for the 80-yr period. These results
have shown that there is more variability in the daily mean maximum per year than in the daily mean minimum, for each year
of the 80-yr period. Also the variability for both extremes has been greater in each of the two cold periods than in the warm
period. Particularly noticeable has been theincrease in the variability of the daily mean minima per year during the current cooling trend. Further, it has been determined that
the variability in the daily mean maxima and minima for each day of the year (based on the entire 80 yrs is a) two times greater
in the winter than in the summer for both extremes, and b) about the same for each in the summer, greater for daily maximum
in the spring and fall, but greater for the daily minimum during the winter. The latter result is undoubtedly related to the
effect of snow cover on daily minimum temperatures.
An examination of daily record maximum and minimum temperatures has been made to help establish climatic trends this century.
For the warm period, 175 record maxima and 68 record minima were set, compared to 213 record minima and 105 record maxima
during the recent cold period. For West Lafayette, the present climatic trend is definitely one of extreme record-breaking
cold. Evidence has also been presented to show the substantial increases in snowfall amounts in the lee regions of the Great
Lakes during the present cold period, due to the lake-induced snow squalls associated with cold air mass intrusions. The possible
impact of the cooling trend on agricultural activities has also been noted, due to a reduced growing season. 相似文献
12.
Rb‐Sr and Sm‐Nd isotopic and REE studies of igneous components in the bulk matrix domain of Martian breccia Northwest Africa 7034 
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下载免费PDF全文 Laurence E. Nyquist Chi‐Yu Shih Francis M. McCubbin Alison R. Santos Charles K. Shearer Zhan X. Peng Paul V. Burger Carl B. Agee 《Meteoritics & planetary science》2016,51(3):483-498
The bulk matrix domain of the Martian breccia NWA 7034 was examined petrographically and isotopically to better understand the provenance and age of the source material that make up the breccia. Both 147Sm‐143Nd and 146Sm‐142Nd age results for mineral separates from the bulk matrix portion of breccia NWA 7034 suggest that various lithological components in the breccia probably formed contemporaneously ~4.44 Ga ago. This old age is in excellent agreement with the upper intersection ages (4.35–4.45 Ga) for U‐Pb discordia and also concordia defined by zircon and baddeleyite grains in matrix and igneous‐textured clasts. Consequently, we confirm an ancient age for the igneous components that make up the NWA 7034 breccia. Substantial disturbance in the Rb‐Sr system was detected, and no age significance could be gleaned from our Rb‐Sr data. The disturbance to the Rb‐Sr system may be due to a thermal event recorded by bulk‐rock K‐Ar ages of 1.56 Ga and U‐Pb ages of phosphates at about 1.35–1.5 Ga, which suggest partial resetting from an unknown thermal event(s), possibly accompanying breccia formation. The NWA 7034 bulk rock is LREE enriched and similar to KREEP‐rich lunar rocks, which indicates that the earliest Martian crust was geochemically enriched. This enrichment supports the idea that the crust is one of the enriched geochemical reservoirs on Mars that have been detected in studies of other Martian meteorites. 相似文献
13.
Alex Ruzicka Jeffrey Grossman Audrey Bouvier Carl B. Agee 《Meteoritics & planetary science》2017,52(5):1014-1014
Meteoritical Bulletin 103 contains 2582 meteorites including 10 falls (Ardón, Demsa, Jinju, Kri?evci, Kuresoi, Novato, Tinajdad, Tirhert, Vicência, Wolcott), with 2174 ordinary chondrites, 130 HED achondrites, 113 carbonaceous chondrites, 41 ureilites, 27 lunar meteorites, 24 enstatite chondrites, 21 iron meteorites, 15 primitive achondrites, 11 mesosiderites, 10 Martian meteorites, 6 Rumuruti chondrites, 5 ungrouped achondrites, 2 enstatite achondrites, 1 relict meteorite, 1 pallasite, and 1 angrite, and with 1511 from Antarctica, 588 from Africa, 361 from Asia, 86 from South America, 28 from North America, and 6 from Europe. Note: 1 meteorite from Russia was counted as European. The complete contents of this bulletin (244 pages) are available on line. Information about approved meteorites can be obtained from the Meteoritical Bulletin Database (MBD) available on line at http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meteor/ . 相似文献
14.
The chlorine isotopic composition of Martian meteorites 1: Chlorine isotope composition of Martian mantle and crustal reservoirs and their interactions 下载免费PDF全文
下载免费PDF全文 J. T. Williams C. K. Shearer Z. D. Sharp P. V. Burger F. M. McCubbin A. R. Santos C. B. Agee K. D. McKeegan 《Meteoritics & planetary science》2016,51(11):2092-2110
The Martian meteorites record a wide diversity of environments, processes, and ages. Much work has been done to decipher potential mantle sources for Martian magmas and their interactions with crustal and surface environments. Chlorine isotopes provide a unique opportunity to assess interactions between Martian mantle‐derived magmas and the crust. We have measured the Cl‐isotopic composition of 17 samples that span the range of known ages, Martian environments, and mantle reservoirs. The 37Cl of the Martian mantle, as represented by the olivine‐phyric shergottites, NWA 2737 (chassignite), and Shergotty (basaltic shergottite), has a low value of approximately ?3.8‰. This value is lower than that of all other planetary bodies measured thus far. The Martian crust, as represented by regolith breccia NWA 7034, is variably enriched in the heavy isotope of Cl. This enrichment is reflective of preferential loss of 35Cl to space. Most basaltic shergottites (less Shergotty), nakhlites, Chassigny, and Allan Hills 84001 lie on a continuum between the Martian mantle and crust. This intermediate range is explained by mechanical mixing through impact, fluid interaction, and assimilation‐fractional crystallization. 相似文献
15.
Freshly excreted droppings from Canada geese (n=80), black swans (n=80), ducks (n=80) and gulls (n=80) were collected from sites around New Zealand. The droppings were enumerated for Escherichia coli, enterococci and Salmonella spp., and for the presence/absence of Cryptosporidium spp. Overall prevalence of E. coli and enterococci in samples was 95% and 94%, respectively. Cryptosporidium spp. was detected in 2% of the samples, whereas no Salmonella spp. were detected in the survey. Preliminary estimates of daily microbial outputs suggest that ducks will produce the highest loadings of E. coli and enterococci per bird, whereas Canada geese will produce the highest loadings of Campylobacter spp. per bird. This study provides the first set of indicator and pathogen counts for one of the largest sources of diffuse faecal contamination of natural waters in New Zealand. 相似文献
16.
Abstract— Experimental partial melting of Allende in a modest thermal gradient produces compacted crystalline residues on the cold side and silicate liquid segregations on the hot side of the gradient. The mechanism leading to this segregation is a type of zone refining: thermal migration. Chemical diffusion produces relative migration of phases along a saturation gradient induced by a temperature gradient. The compacted crystals have many features reminiscent of ureilite meteorites: olivine major element compositions, surface-equilibrium-controlled adcumulus textures, ripened grain sizes, virtually complete silicate melt removal, and textural elongation. Sulfide melt fails to segregate from crystals by this mechanism. If thermal migration is responsible for the textural features of ureilite compaction, then often-assumed constraints about ambient gravity fields and cooling regimes do not apply to ureilite origins irrespective of whether the compaction is of a melting residue or a cumulus crystal pile. Certain ingrained expectations relating the geochemistry of complementary liquids to these crystals also will be unsatisfied. Because virtually any crystal consolidation regime operates through a thermal gradient, it is likely that thermal migration must play at least a small role in the process. It would be a particularly appropriate mechanism for consolidating ureilites within planetesimals undergoing vigorous primordial heating by radioactivity or electromagnetic induction—circumstances in which the efficacy of the process is not truncated by cooling. The possible existence of this mechanism does not invalidate less unusual suggestions for the origin of ureilites. However, some of the constraints on ureilite origin and complementary liquid geochemistry are now considerably relaxed. 相似文献
17.
Microbial cycling of mercury in contaminated pelagic and wetland sediments of San Pablo Bay,California 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
San Pablo Bay is an estuary, within northern San Francisco Bay, containing elevated sediment mercury (Hg) levels because of historic loading of hydraulic mining debris during the California gold-rush of the late 1800s. A preliminary investigation of benthic microbial Hg cycling was conducted in surface sediment (0-4 cm) collected from one salt-marsh and three open-water sites. A deeper profile (0-26 cm) was evaluated at one of the open-water locations. Radiolabeled model Hg-compounds were used to measure rates of both methylmercury (MeHg) production and degradation by bacteria. While all sites and depths had similar total-Hg concentrations (0.3-0.6 ppm), and geochemical signatures of mining debris (as )Nd, range: -3.08 to -4.37), in-situ MeHg was highest in the marsh (5.4Dž.5 ppb) and А.7 ppb in all open-water sites. Microbial MeHg production (potential rate) in 0-4 surface sediments was also highest in the marsh (3.1 ng g-1 wet sediment day-1) and below detection (<0.06 ng g-1 wet sediment day-1) in open-water locations. The marsh exhibited a methylation/demethylation (M/D) ratio more than 252 that of all open-water locations. Only below the surface 0-4-cm horizon was significant MeHg production potential evident in the open-water sediment profile (0.2-1.1 ng g-1 wet sediment day-1). In-situ Hg methylation rates, calculated from radiotracer rate constants, and in-situ inorganic Hg(II) concentrations compared well with potential rates. However, similarly calculated in-situ rates of MeHg degradation were much lower than potential rates. These preliminary data indicate that wetlands surrounding San Pablo Bay represent important zones of MeHg production, more so than similarly Hg-contaminated adjacent open-water areas. This has significant implications for this and other Hg-impacted systems, where wetland expansion is currently planned. 相似文献
18.
Audrey Bouvier Jérôme Gattacceca Carl Agee Jeffrey Grossman Knut Metzler 《Meteoritics & planetary science》2017,52(10):2284-2284
Meteoritical Bulletin 104 contains 2279 meteorites including 12 falls (Annama, Cartersville, Creston, Diepenveen, Famenin, Izarzar, Nkayi, Porangaba, San Juan de Ocotán, Trâpe?ng Rôno?s, Xinglongquan, ?d’ár nad Sázavou), with 1847 ordinary chondrites, 138 carbonaceous chondrites, 128 HED achondrites, 38 lunar meteorites, 24 ureilites, 22 Martian meteorites, 19 iron meteorites, 17 primitive achondrites, 14 enstatite chondrites, 10 mesosiderites, 9 Rumuruti chondrites, 5 pallasites, 4 ungrouped achondrites, 2 enstatite achondrites, 1 ungrouped chondrite, and 1 Kakangari chondrite, and with 996 from Antarctica, 790 from Africa, 337 from Asia, 111 from South America, 30 from North America, 11 from Oceania, and 4 from Europe. Note: 1 meteorite from Russia was counted as European. 相似文献
19.
The chlorine isotope composition of Martian meteorites 2. Implications for the early solar system and the formation of Mars 下载免费PDF全文
下载免费PDF全文 Zachary Sharp Jeffrey Williams Charles Shearer Carl Agee Kevin McKeegan 《Meteoritics & planetary science》2016,51(11):2111-2126
We determined the chlorine isotope composition of 16 Martian meteorites using gas source mass spectrometry on bulk samples and in situ secondary ion microprobe analysis on apatite grains. Measured δ37Cl values range from ?3.8 to +8.6‰. The olivine‐phyric shergottites are the isotopically lightest samples, with δ37Cl mostly ranging from ?4 to ?2‰. Samples with evidence for a crustal component have positive δ37Cl values, with an extreme value of 8.6‰. Most of the basaltic shergottites have intermediate δ37Cl values of ?1 to 0‰, except for Shergotty, which is similar to the olivine‐phyric shergottites. We interpret these data as due to mixing of a two‐component system. The first component is the mantle value of ?4 to ?3‰. This most likely represents the original bulk Martian Cl isotope value. The other endmember is a 37Cl‐enriched crustal component. We speculate that preferential loss of 35Cl to space has resulted in a high δ37Cl value for the Martian surface, similar to what is seen in other volatile systems. The basaltic shergottites are a mixture of the other two endmembers. The low δ37Cl value of primitive Mars is different from Earth and most chondrites, both of which are close to 0‰. We are not aware of any parent‐body process that could lower the δ37Cl value of the Martian mantle to ?4 to ?3‰. Instead, we propose that this low δ37Cl value represents the primordial bulk composition of Mars inherited during accretion. The higher δ37Cl values seen in many chondrites are explained by later incorporation of 37Cl‐enriched HCl‐hydrate. 相似文献
20.
Carl B. Agee 《Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors》1997,100(1-4):41-47
Melting temperatures of the silicate fraction of the Allende CV3 meteorite, at upper mantle pressures, are several hundred degrees lower than that of fertile peridotite xenoliths or ‘pyrolite’. If the Earth accreted from material similar to chondrites, then deep mantle melting could have occurred with a relatively modest heat budget. It is concluded that initial chemical composition is an important variable in realistic magma ocean models. 相似文献