Twin Tsunamis Triggered by the 12 January 2010 Haiti Earthquake   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Hermann M. Fritz  Jean Vilmond Hillaire  Emanuel Molière  Yong Wei  Fahad Mohammed 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》2013,170(9-10):1463-1474

On 12 January 2010, a magnitude M _w 7.0 earthquake occurred 25 km west–southwest of Haiti’s capital Port-au-Prince causing an estimated 316,000 fatalities, thereby exceeding any previous loss of life from a similar size earthquake. In addition, tsunami waves triggered by the earthquake caused at least three fatalities at Petit Paradis due to a complete lack of tsunami awareness. The International Tsunami Survey Team (ITST) was deployed within weeks of the event and covered the greater Bay of Port-au-Prince and more than 100 km of Hispaniola’s southern coastline. The collected survey data include more than 21 tsunami heights along with observations of coastal land level change. Maximum tsunami heights of 3 m have been measured for two independently triggered tsunamis.  相似文献   

Non-linear quickflow response as indicators of runoff generation mechanisms     

Charles I. Scaife  Nitin K. Singh  Ryan E. Emanuel  Chelcy Ford Miniat  Lawrence E. Band 《水文研究》2020,34(13):2949-2964

Linking quickflow response to subsurface state can improve our understanding of runoff processes that drive emergent catchment behaviour. We investigated the formation of non-linear quickflows in three forested headwater catchments and also explored unsaturated and saturated storage dynamics, and likely runoff generation mechanisms that contributed to threshold formation. Our analyses focused on two reference watersheds at the Coweeta Hydrologic Laboratory (CHL) in western North Carolina, USA, and one reference watershed at the Susquehanna Shale Hills Critical Zone Observatory (SHW) in Central Pennsylvania, USA, with available hourly soil moisture, groundwater, streamflow, and precipitation time series over several years. Our study objectives were to characterise (a) non-linear runoff response as a function of storm characteristics and antecedent conditions, (b) the critical levels of shallow unsaturated and saturated storage that lead to hourly flow response, and (c) runoff mechanisms contributing to rapidly increasing quickflow using measurements of soil moisture and groundwater. We found that maximum hourly rainfall did not significantly contribute to quickflow production in our sites, in contrast to prior studies, due to highly conductive forest soils. Soil moisture and groundwater dynamics measured in hydrologically representative areas of the hillslope showed that variable subsurface states could contribute to non-linear runoff behaviour. Quickflow generation in watersheds at CHL were dominated by both saturated and unsaturated pathways, but the relative contributions of each pathway varied between catchments. In contrast, quickflow was almost entirely related to groundwater fluctuations at SHW. We showed that co-located measurements of soil moisture and groundwater supplement threshold analyses providing stronger prediction and understanding of quickflow generation and indicate dominant runoff processes.  相似文献   

A pair of reddened young star clusters in Centaurus     

E. Bica  S. Ortolani  Y. Momany  C. M. Dutra  B. Barbuy 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2004,352(1):226-232

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Extinction within 10° of the Galactic centre using 2MASS     

C. M. Dutra  B. X. Santiago  E. L. D. Bica  B. Barbuy 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2003,338(1):253-262

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Understanding different perspectives on the preservation of community and heritage buildings in the Wellington Region,New Zealand     

Tatiana Goded  Andrew Beaupre  Michael DeMarco  Tina Dutra  Andro Gogichaishvili  Daniel Haley  Alex Hyman  Nicholas Kepka Calvetti  John Potter  Maureen Coomer  Kim Wright  Andrew King 《Natural Hazards》2017,87(1):185-212

The Canterbury (New Zealand) earthquake sequence of 2010–2012 caused unexpectedly extreme levels of damage and disruption, being an unparalleled event in New Zealand in terms of the damage extent. Christchurch’s heritage buildings were seriously damaged during these events, with churches especially affected in 22 February 2011 M _w 6.2 earthquake. During this earthquake, a total of 84% of the heritage unreinforced stone and 81% of the clay brick masonry churches in the Canterbury region were either considered unsafe (receiving red placards) or with restricted access (yellow placards). Following the earthquakes, authorities across New Zealand are reassessing the capacity of older buildings to resist earthquakes. Current legislation requires that a building judged as earthquake prone either be strengthened by retrofitting or be demolished within a legislated number of years. Many building owners are facing the problems of owning earthquake-prone buildings and lacking the funding to upgrade. This affects both community and heritage buildings, resulting in the likely abandonment or demolition of some buildings. To address the problem of the balance between life safety and preservation in the Wellington Region, this project gathered and compared the perspectives of the general public, church communities, heritage specialists, professional engineers, and local authorities to assist in balancing the interests of these stakeholders. As a result of the findings, several recommendations have been provided that include standardizing structural assessment processes and training, feasibility of additional public funding to upgrade buildings, new signage to increase public awareness of earthquake-prone buildings, and regular communication among stakeholders to understand and resolve differences.  相似文献   

Hot springs of Rhodesia: Their noble gases,isotopic and chemical composition     

Emanuel Mazor  B.TH. Verhagen 《Journal of Hydrology》1976,28(1):29-43

Four of Rhodesia's hottest spring complexes (54–100°C) were studied. Tritium contents were very low, compared to adjacent rivers, indicating that the samples studied were indigenous, deep-seated water which had undergone negligible intermixing with surface water.The noble-gas measurements revealed: (1) the waters are meteoric; (2) the noble gases were kept in closed-system conditions in the ground; (3) paleotemperatures are 26–31°C; (4) the boiling Binga springs lost part of their noble gases.Independently, measurements of stable isotopes indicate the meteoric origin of the springs. The chemical composition of the waters clearly reflects their origin from two groups of rocks — one from Karroo sediments and one from crystalline rocks.  相似文献   

Ventispheres: granule-pebble spheres of eolian origin in lower cretaceous and recent rocks of Israel     

Emanuel Azmon 《Sedimentary Geology》1982,33(1):57-71

Spherical sandstone fragments which are neither concretions nor water-worn pebbles were found in the sandstone beds near the base of the Hathira Formation in the lower Cretaceous section of the Maktesh Gadol outcrops, in Southern Israel. Similar sandstone spheres which were found in the area were in the process of being formed by wind action in a serir environment. Both the ancient and the Recent spheres are referred to as “Ventispheres”. Their presence in the lower Cretaceous rocks shows that the non-marine interval between the first and the second marine transgressions recorded in this area included eolian events, at least in a local serir environment.  相似文献   

Geochemistry of groundwater | W. Back and R. Létolle (Editors), 1981. Developments in Water Science, 16. Selected papers,presented at the Symposium on Geochemistry of Groundwater,held at the 26th International Geological Congress,Paris, 1980. Elsevier,Amsterdam, x + 370 pp., Dfl.150.000, US$63.75 (hardcover)     

Emanuel Mazor 《Earth》1984,20(3):249-250

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Comment by Emanuel Mazor on Tóth,József, 1995, Hydraulic continuity in large sedimentary basins: Hydrogeology Journal,v. 3, no. 4, p. 4–16     

Emanuel Mazor 《Hydrogeology Journal》1996,4(3):98-102

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