Decision bias in marine spatial planning of offshore wind farms: Problems of singular versus cumulative assessments of economic impacts on fisheries     

Jörg Berkenhagen  Ralf Döring  Heino O. Fock  Matthias H.F. Kloppmann  Søren A. Pedersen  Torsten Schulze 《Marine Policy》2010

The current approval procedure for wind farm proposals in the German EEZ only considers site specific conflict analysis between the wind farm and fisheries. Due to the relatively small spatial coverage of the sites potential opportunity losses to the fisheries are always considered as low or negligible. Cumulative effects on fisheries that will occur once all proposed wind farms are in place are not yet considered adequately. However, those cumulative effects will be quite substantial because, in particular, opportunities to catch such valuable species as flatfish will be considerably reduced.  相似文献   

Institutional design propositions for the governance of adaptation to climate change in the water sector     

Patrick Huntjens  Louis Lebel  Claudia Pahl-Wostl  Jeff Camkin  Roland Schulze  Nicole Kranz 《Global Environmental Change》2012,22(1):67-81

This paper provides an evidence-based contribution to understanding processes of climate change adaptation in water governance systems in the Netherlands, Australia and South Africa. It builds upon the work of Ostrom on institutional design principles for local common pool resources systems. We argue that for dealing with complexities and uncertainties related to climate change impacts (e.g. increased frequency and intensity of floods or droughts) additional or adjusted institutional design propositions are necessary that facilitate learning processes. This is especially the case for dealing with complex, cross-boundary and large-scale resource systems, such as river basins and delta areas in the Netherlands and South Africa or groundwater systems in Western Australia. In this paper we provide empirical support for a set of eight refined and extended institutional design propositions for the governance of adaptation to climate change in the water sector. Together they capture structural, agency and learning dimensions of the adaptation challenge and they provide a strong initial framework to explore key institutional issues in the governance of adaptation to climate change. These institutional design propositions support a “management as learning” approach to dealing with complexity and uncertainty. They do not specify blueprints, but encourage adaptation tuned to the specific features of local geography, ecology, economies and cultures.  相似文献   

大别山超高压变质带层析地震调查   总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5  

彭聪 Schul.  A 《地质论评》2000,46(3):288-294

１９９７年３月中德合作进行了大别山科学钻探选址区层析地震调查,研究结果揭示出大别山超高压变质带（ＵＨＰ）地壳精细结构。郯庐断裂带近垂直延伸至Ｍｏｈｏ界面（可能更深）,在Ｍｏｈｏ界面以上郯庐断裂带西侧大别山地壳物质没有迁移进入其东侧。在主测线（横中至潜山镇）２０ｋｍ深度发现一个由西向东倾斜的强反射层,推测可能是一个大的滑脱层。超高压变质岩石（或地幔物质）可能由地幔深处通过郯庐断裂带再沿此滑脱层析返到  相似文献   

Zircons from kimberlite: New insights from oxygen isotopes, trace elements, and Ti in zircon thermometry   总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5  

F. Zeb Page  Bin Fu  John Fournelle  Daniel J. Schulze  Miguel A.S. Basei 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》2007,71(15):3887-3903

Zircons found in mantle-sourced kimberlite provide probes into the isotopic chemistry of the asthenosphere and subcontinental lithospheric mantle. However, little is known about the conditions of formation of these zircons. A suite of 88 zircons found in kimberlites from Africa, Siberia, Brazil, and the United States have been analyzed for their Ti concentration and selected zircons were analyzed for their Rare Earth Element (REE) concentrations by ion microprobe. In addition, precise and accurate laser-fluorination oxygen isotope data were obtained for zircons from Brazil (5.1 ± 0.3‰, 1SD) and the Midwest United States (5.3 ± 0.3‰), yielding mantle-like δ¹⁸O values similar to published data for Africa (5.2 ± 0.3‰) and Siberia (5.3 ± 0.2‰). Most megacrysts in this study preserve fine-scale, oscillatory zoning in CL and are generally homogenous in oxygen isotopic composition, consistent with preservation of primary compositions. A few zircons from Brazil show some evidence of chemical zoning due to recrystallization. The Ti content of mantle zircon is in general low with average compositions from each locality of 13 ± 8.4 ppm (1SD, Kaapvaal craton), 12 ± 8.7 ppm (Siberian platform), 18 ± 11 ppm (Brazil), and 4.8 ±4.3 ppm (United States). The recently calibrated Ti in zircon thermometer yields an average temperature of 744 ±62 °C (1SD) for the average of 13 ± 9 ppm Ti, with no correction for pressure, a_TiO2, or a_SiO2. The Ti content of zircons found within rutile nodules from the Orapa kimberlite (Kaapvaal craton) is almost indistinguishable from those with no constraint on a_TiO2, suggesting that reduced a_TiO2 is not responsible for lower than expected mantle temperatures. The average temperature in this study corresponds to ∼3 GPa on a 40 mW/m² cratonic geotherm. If correct, this would suggest that zircon megacrysts from all four cratons formed in the shallow lithospheric mantle. However, there are several possibly confounding effects to this thermometer, including: a pressure correction and disequilibrium zircon growth. Zircons from rutile nodules have REE contents that span the range of mantle zircon REE and are similar to both zircon megacrysts and zircons from metasomatic assemblages.  相似文献   

Cenomanian–Turonian carbonate platform deposits in west central Jordan     

Frauke Schulze  Zeev Lewy  Jochen Kuss  Ahmed Gharaibeh 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》2003,92(4):641-660

We studied upper Albian to Turonian shallow-marine shelf deposits (Ajlun Group) of west central Jordan along a NNE-SSW running transect. The carbonate-dominated succession includes few siliciclastic intercalations, claystones and shales, and can be subdivided into five formations. The Naur, Fuheis and Hummar Formations of upper Albian to upper Cenomanian age represent shallow subtidal to supratidal platform environments. The uppermost Cenomanian to middle Turonian Shueib Formation includes deeper water deposits of the inner/mid-shelf and locally TOC-rich black shales. Shallow-marine platform environments once again dominate the Wadi As Sir Formation (middle-upper Turonian). A new multibiostratigraphic framework is based on ammonites (mainly of the middle Cenomanian rhotomagense Zone to the middle Turonian woollgari Zone) and calcareous nannofossils (biozones CC 9–CC 11), supplemented by benthic and planktonic foraminifers and ostracods. It forms the base of a sequence stratigraphic subdivision, containing eight sedimentary sequences (S1–S8), which are separated by four Cenomanian sequence boundaries (CeJo1–CeJo4) and three Turonian sequence boundaries (TuJo1–TuJo3). This scheme allows the correlation of the platform succession from distal to proximal shelf areas in contrast to previous correlations using lithologic units. Furthermore, comparisons between the platform successions and sequence patterns of west central Jordan and those from neighbouring areas allow to differentiate local, regional, and global controlling factors of platform development within the study area.  相似文献   

Population growth and costs of education in developing countries: Châu Ta, Ngog (1972): 313 S., 182 tables, 36 textfig., Unesco, Paris: International Institute for Educational Planning. US$7, £2.35, 28 F     

Willi Schulze 《Geoforum》1975,6(3-4)

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Zum Strahlungsklima der Erde     

Rudolf Schulze 《Theoretical and Applied Climatology》1962,12(2):185-195

Zusammenfassung Es wurden Weltkarten für die Monatsmittel der Tagessummen der Globalstrahlung sowie der relativen Bestrahlung gezeichnet, dies für wolkenlose Tage (berechnet) und für alle Tage (gemessen im Internationalen Geophysikalischen Jahr nachAshbel).

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Summary World charts showing monthly means of the daily totals of global radiation and “relative irradiation” are presented. They were drawn for clear days (values computed) and for all days, according to IGY observations (evaluated afterAshbel).

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Résumé L'auteur a tracé des cartes mondiales des moyennes mensuelles des sommes journalières de la radiation globale et du rayonnement relatif tiré de celle-ci. Ces cartes furent établies pour les jours clairs (valeurs calculées) et pour tous les jours (valeurs mesurées durant l'année géophysique internationale, selonAshbel).

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Mit 12 Textabbildungen

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Herrn Dr.W. M?rikofer zu seinem 70. Geburtstag gewidmet.  相似文献   

Das geophysikalische Ergebnis der Sprengung von Haslach im südlichen Schwarzwald am 28. und 29. April 1948 (Vorläufiger Bericht)     

H. Reich  G. A. Schulze  O. Förtsch 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》1948,36(1):85-96

Zusammenfassung Bei zwei großen Sprengungen im Schwarzwald (Haslach) wurden auf einem Profil von dort bis zum Alpenrand bei Füssen sowie auf einigen Stationen der Rheintalebene seismische Registrierungen vorgenommen. Die Auswertung ergab wieder wie bei der Helgolandsprengung unter der Sedimentdecke eine ausgesprochene Dreischichtung der Erdkruste: 1. Schicht mit der Wellengeschwindigkeit V₁=5,9–6,0 km/s (Granitschicht, P-Einsätze), 2. Schicht mit v₂=6,55 km/s (Gabbroschicht P^*-Einsätze, besonders kräftig) und 3. v₃=8,2 km/s (Peridotitschicht, P_n-Einsätze). Die Tiefe der Grenzfläche V₁/v₂ wurde im Mittel zu 21 km, die Tiefe v₂/v₃ zu 31 km berechnet. Die Tiefe der ersten Grenzfläche ist größer als in Nordwestdeutschland, die Tiefe der zweiten Grenzfläche weicht nur wenig von d.er dort bestimmten ab. Wesentliche Neigungen dieser Grenzflächen konnten seismisch nicht erkannt werden. Es wurde versucht, die nach den Schweremessungen und geologischen Tatsachen notwendig zu fordernden Mächtigkeitsänderungen der Granit- und der Gabbroschicht mit diesen Daten in Einklang zu bringen. Ergebnis: Ansteigen der Gabbro- und Peridotitschicht im Rheintal bei Mannheim, Abfallen der Peridotitschicht im Bereich der oberen Donau, Ansteigen der Gabbroschicht unter dem Molassetrog des Alpenvorlandes. Diese Deutung wurde in einem Profil (Abb. 2) dargestellt.  相似文献   

Crustal structure across the Colorado Basin, offshore Argentina   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Dieter Franke  Soenke Neben  Bernd Schreckenberger  Albrecht Schulze  Manfred Stiller  Charlotte M. Krawczyk 《Geophysical Journal International》2006,165(3):850-864

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Timing of Precambrian melt depletion and Phanerozoic refertilization events in the lithospheric mantle of the Wyoming Craton and adjacent Central Plains Orogen   总被引：10，自引：0，他引：10  

Richard W. Carlson  Anthony J. Irving  Daniel J. Schulze  B.Carter Hearn Jr.   《Lithos》2004,77(1-4):453-472

Garnet peridotite xenoliths from the Sloan kimberlite (Colorado) are variably depleted in their major magmaphile (Ca, Al) element compositions with whole rock Re-depletion model ages generally consistent with this depletion occurring in the mid-Proterozoic. Unlike many lithospheric peridotites, the Sloan samples are also depleted in incompatible trace elements, as shown by the composition of separated garnet and clinopyroxene. Most of the Sloan peridotites have intermineral Sm–Nd and Lu–Hf isotope systematics consistent with this depletion occurring in the mid-Proterozoic, though the precise age of this event is poorly defined. Thus, when sampled by the Devonian Sloan kimberlite, the compositional characteristics of the lithospheric mantle in this area primarily reflected the initial melt extraction event that presumably is associated with crust formation in the Proterozoic—a relatively simple history that may also explain the cold geotherm measured for the Sloan xenoliths.

The Williams and Homestead kimberlites erupted through the Wyoming Craton in the Eocene, near the end of the Laramide Orogeny, the major tectonomagmatic event responsible for the formation of the Rocky Mountains in the late Cretaceous–early Tertiary. Rhenium-depletion model ages for the Homestead peridotites are mostly Archean, consistent with their origin in the Archean lithospheric mantle of the Wyoming Craton. Both the Williams and Homestead peridotites, however, clearly show the consequences of metasomatism by incompatible-element-rich melts. Intermineral isotope systematics in both the Homestead and Williams peridotites are highly disturbed with the Sr and Nd isotopic compositions of the minerals being dominated by the metasomatic component. Some Homestead samples preserve an incompatible element depleted signature in their radiogenic Hf isotopic compositions. Sm–Nd tie lines for garnet and clinopyroxene separates from most Homestead samples provide Mesozoic or younger “ages” suggesting that the metasomatism occurred during the Laramide. Highly variable Rb–Sr and Lu–Hf mineral “ages” for these same samples suggest that the Homestead peridotites did not achieve intermineral equilibrium during this metasomatism. This indicates that the metasomatic overprint likely was introduced shortly before kimberlite eruption through interaction of the peridotites with the host kimberlite, or petrogenetically similar magmas, in the Wyoming Craton lithosphere.  相似文献