Geodetic constraints from multi-beam laser altimeter crossovers     

Erwan Mazarico  G. A. Neumann  D. D. Rowlands  D. E. Smith 《Journal of Geodesy》2010,84(6):343-354

The round-trip travel time measurements made by spacecraft laser altimeters are primarily used to construct topographic maps of the target body. The accuracy of the calculated bounce point locations of the laser pulses depends on the quality of the spacecraft trajectory reconstruction. The trajectory constraints from Doppler and range radio tracking data can be supplemented by altimetric “crossovers”, to greatly improve the reconstruction of the spacecraft trajectory. Crossovers have been used successfully in the past (e.g., Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter on Mars Global Surveyor), but only with single-beam altimeters. The same algorithms can be used with a multi-beam laser altimeter, but we present a method using the unique cross-track topographic information present in the multi-beam data. Those crossovers are especially adapted to shallow (small angle) intersections, as the overlapping area is large, reducing the inherent ambiguities of single-beam data in that situation. We call those “swath crossovers”. They prove particularly useful in the case of polar-orbiting spacecraft over slowly rotating bodies, because all the non-polar crossovers have small intersection angles. To demonstrate this method, we perform a simplified simulation based on the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO) and its five-beam Lunar Orbiter Laser Altimeter. We show that swath crossovers over one lunar month can independently, from geometry alone, recover the imposed orbital perturbations with great accuracy (5 m horizontal, < 1 m vertical, about one order of magnitude smaller than the imposed perturbations). We also present new types of constraints that can be derived from the swath crossovers, and designed to be used in a precision orbit determination setup. In future work, we will use such multi-beam altimetric constraints with data from LRO.  相似文献   

A modified permeameter for determination of unsaturated coefficient of permeability   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Sai K. Vanapalli  Vinod K. Garga  Patrick Brisson 《Geotechnical and Geological Engineering》2007,25(2):191-202

The design details of a modified permeameter used for determining the unsaturated coefficient of permeability of tailings are presented in this Paper. This permeameter can accommodate a large tailings specimen, 200 × 200 × 400 mm high, and uses the Instantaneous Profile Method (IPM) to determine the variation of unsaturated coefficient of permeability with respect to soil suction using a single specimen. The soil-water characteristic curve data can also be simultaneously determined from the modified permeameter. The key design features in comparison to a conventional permeameter include the provision of adjustable sensors that move along with the tailings as it settles due to desaturation during the testing period. The advantages of using a modified permeameter in the determination of the coefficient of permeability of unsaturated tailings are also discussed in this paper. Tests were carried out by providing suction using hanging column technique in the suction range of 0–10 kPa. Such an apparatus can easily be modified to accommodate higher suction values.  相似文献   

Pattern-based conditional simulation with a raster path: a few techniques to make it more efficient   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Caroline Gardet  Mickaele Le Ravalec  Erwan Gloaguen 《Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment (SERRA)》2016,30(2):429-446

Mass transport is known to depend on heterogeneity in geological formations. This entails geological bodies with complex geometries. The major interest of multiple-point simulation is its ability to reproduce such geological features through the use of a training image. The idea behind the training image is to describe a geological concept with the expected geological architecture. Its structural content is then used to infer multiple-point statistics. This yields a database with a variety of possible patterns or events. In this paper, we present a hybrid algorithm combining geostatistical multiplepoint and texture synthesis techniques for simulating geological reservoir models constrained to hard data. The proposed algorithm is a two steps process, involving first analysis with the building of an organized database from the training image content, and second synthesis with the simulation of a realization. Various tests are performed to investigate the potential of the algorithm in terms of computation time and ability to properly reproduce the shapes and connectivity features of the objects represented in the training image. We also propose a few improvements to make the algorithm more efficient. Last, six examples are presented based upon different kinds of training images depicting large-scale channelized and fractured media as well as fine-scale porous media.  相似文献   

Geostatistical traveltime tomography in elliptically anisotropic media     

Bernard Giroux  Erwan Gloaguen 《Geophysical Prospecting》2012,60(6):1133-1149

In geological materials, anisotropy may arise due to different mechanisms and can be found at different scales. Neglecting anisotropy in traveltime tomographic reconstruction leads to artefacts that can obscure important subsurface features. In this paper, a geostatistical tomography algorithm to invert cross‐hole traveltime data in elliptically anisotropic media is presented. The advantages of geostatistical tomography are that the solution is regularized by the covariance of the model parameters, that known model parameters can be used as constraints and fitted exactly or within a prescribed variance and that stochastic simulations can be performed to appraise the variability of the solution space. The benefits of the algorithm to image anisotropic media are illustrated by two examples using synthetic georadar data and real seismic data. The first example confirms suspected electromagnetic anisotropy in the vadose zone caused by relatively rapid water content variations with respect to wavelength at georadar frequencies. The second presents how sonic log data can be used to constrain the inversion of cross‐well seismic data and how geostatistical simulations can be used to infer parameter uncertainty. Results of both examples show that considering anisotropy yields a better fit to the data at high ray angles and reduces reconstruction artefacts.  相似文献   

Contrasting weathering and climate regimes in forested and cleared sandstone temples of the Angkor region     

Marie‐Françoise André  Olivier Voldoire  Erwan Roussel  Franck Vautier  Bruno Phalip  Hang Peou 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2012,37(5):519-532

Comparative assessment of stone weathering intensities and bioclimatic conditions was conducted at four temples located in cleared and forested sites of the Angkor Park, based on similar protocols. Four thousand sculpted lotus petals carved in the same grey sandstone were categorized by using two customized scales of weathering intensity, and climate monitoring was conducted from December 2008 to November 2009. Whereas 70% of the sandstone lotus petals are almost completely destroyed by mechanical weathering in cleared areas, 74% of petals located in forested environments appear to be totally free of mechanical weathering and are only affected by superficial biochemical weathering. Ambient conditions are also contrasting, with the magnitude of the diurnal surface temperature and relative humidity ranges being three times higher at cleared sites than in wooded areas. As wetting–drying cycles are the driving force of sandstone decay at Angkor, causal links are suggested between weathering and climate regimes. In wooded areas, the microclimate is buffered by the forest and the associated lithobionts, which maintain constant humidity levels, reduce thermal stresses at the stone surface and induce a slow biochemical weathering regime. In cleared areas, direct exposure to sunshine and monsoon rains induces pronounced wetting–drying cycles conducive to swelling–shrinking movements and other potential processes, provoking the rapid mechanical decay of the sandstone. Even if local damage can be caused by tree roots, the forest cover and the associated lithobionts obviously play an overall protective role. Additionally, microtopographical factors related to architectural designs and post‐building events probably explain intra‐site and between site minor differences in the amount of sandstone decay, by influencing key factors such as the water residence time at the stone surface. Last, the contrasting weathering regimes in forested and cleared sites are but a trend, for besides overwhelming mechanical weathering, chemical weathering is also operative at cleared sites, as indicated by salt efflorescences and ferric oxidation. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Evidence that whales (Balaenoptera borealis) visit drifting fish aggregating devices: do their presence affect the processes underlying fish aggregation?     

Patrice Brehmer  Erwan Josse  Leif Nøttestad 《Marine Ecology》2012,33(2):176-182

Evidence of the presence of a group of sei whales (Balaenoptera borealis) detected around drifting fish aggregating devices (FADs) was provided by omnidirectional multi‐beam sonar during a survey off the Seychelles (Indian Ocean). The short visit by the sei whales produced a significant change in the behaviour of the fish assemblage associated with the FAD. There was first a significant increase in fish density when the whales approached the FAD, then a marked decrease after the whales had moved away from the FAD. Furthermore, the fish density was still low, 3 h after the whales had left the FAD. We assume that the presence and behaviour of the sei whales led some of the fish initially associated with the FAD to move away from it. There has been a considerable increase in the use of drifting artificial FADs in the Indian Ocean in recent decades. The frequency of cetacean visits to drifting FADs in the Indian Ocean is unknown, but they may have a major impact on assemblages of pelagic fish species around FADs. The effect of marine mammals on FAD‐associated fish could be relevant to the ecological trap theory (FAD acting as a trap for their associated fish) because of their impact on the dynamics of fish aggregation processes, through commensalism and/or predator–prey interactions.  相似文献   

An Application of Multivariate Simulation in the Cement Industry     

Denis Marcotte  Keyvan Naraghi  Claude Bellehumeur  Erwan Gloaguen 《Mathematical Geology》2005,37(5):493-512

The profitability of a cement plant depends largely on its capacity to produce homogeneous cement with chemical composition close to specified targets for the cement type produced. One crucial step is the mixing of limestone with other raw materials in proportions calculated to meet these targets. Major design and operation decisions depend on the efficiency of this homogenizing step. The adequate modeling of the mixing process requires simulation of representative cross-correlated time series of chemical compositions of the raw materials involved. The chemical composition signals are obtained by multivariate geostatistical simulation using an LU (Cholesky) decomposition of the covariance matrix. Modifications to the usual LU method are presented. First, the effect on the raw covariance matrix of the closure property of chemical analysis is imposed. Second, the problem of memory space limitations in the LU method is tackled by using overlapping sliding neighbourhoods. The simulation algorithm is applied to the Joppa cement plant owned by Lafarge North America. The simulated raw material input streams are fed into the quality mix control (QMC), a proprietary software that models and controls the mixing operation to produce an output stream with cement characteristics as close as possible to desired targets. Two signal series are studied, one autocorrelated with a moderate temporal range and one with no autocorrelation. The QMC produces C₃S output signals having comparable short scale periodic variograms except that the variance of the uncorrelated signal is four times greater than those of the autocorrelated signal and the real Joppa data. The raw material feeder variograms have the same sill for both the white noise and the autocorrelated signals. However, the autocorrelated signal feeder variogram presents lower short term dispersion variance, a characteristic feature of Joppa operations. Our results show the importance of simulating the right temporal structure of the raw materials to realistically forecast the behavior of the output signals. We also discuss some practical implications of these findings for the design and operation of a cement plant.  相似文献