Topographic signatures of progressive glacial landscape transformation     

Moritz Liebl  Jörg Robl  David Lundbek Egholm  Günther Prasicek  Kurt Stüwe  Gerit Gradwohl  Stefan Hergarten 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2021,46(10):1964-1980

The Pleistocene glaciations left a distinct topographic footprint in mountain ranges worldwide. The geometric signature of glacial topography has been quantified in various ways, but the temporal development of landscape metrics has not been traced in a landscape evolution model so far. However, such information is needed to interpret the degree of glacial imprint in terms of the integrated signal of temporal and spatial variations in erosion as a function of glacial occupation time. We apply a surface process model for cold-climate conditions to an initially fluvial mountain range. By exploring evolving topographic patterns in model time series, we determine locations where topographic changes reach a maximum and where the initial landscape persists. The signal of glacial erosion, expressed by the overdeepening of valleys and the steepening of valley flanks, develops first at the glacier front and migrates upstream with ongoing glacial erosion. This leads to an increase of mean channel slope and its variance. Above steep flanks and head-walls, however, the observed mean channel slope remains similar to the mean channel slope of the initial fluvial topography. This leads to a characteristic turning point in the channel slope–elevation distribution above the equilibrium line altitude, where a transition from increasing to decreasing channel slope with elevation occurs. We identify this turning point and a high channel slope variance as diagnostic features to quantify glacial imprint. Such features are abundant in glacially imprinted mid-latitude mountain ranges such as the Eastern Alps. By analysing differently glaciated parts of the mountain range, we observe a decreasing clarity of this diagnostic morphometric property with decreasing glacial occupation. However, catchments of the unglaciated eastern fringe of the Alps also feature turning points in their channel slope–elevation distributions, but in contrast to the glaciated domain, the variance of channel slope is small at all elevation levels.  相似文献   

Uranium distribution in the lacustrine calcareous clastic-evaporite sequence in the western Qaidam Basin,and implications for U behavior in concentration of closed water     

YANG Yibo  FANG Xiaomin  LI Minghui  APPEL Erwin  ZHANG Weilin  LIU Xiaoming 《《地质学报》英文版》2014,88(Z1):168-169

正Uranium(U)provides especially useful information for reconstructing paleoredox conditions due to its unique geochemical properties and behavior in supergene environments.The proxy potential under suboxic-oxic  相似文献   

Microcrystals of Th-rich monazite (La) with a negative Ce anomaly in metadiorite and their role for documenting Cretaceous metamorphism in the Slavonian Mountains (Croatia)     

Biljana Starijaš Mayer  Erwin Krenn  Fritz Finger 《Mineralogy and Petrology》2014,108(2):231-243

Microcrystals (1–15 μm) of unusual monazite (La) with 41–47 mol% cheralite [ThCa(PO₄)₂] component and a strong negative Ce anomaly are described from a metadiorite from the SW Slavonian Mountains, Psunj, Croatia. The dioritic host rock still shows a relictic igneous fabric on macroscopic scale. However, metamorphic reaction textures can be recognized in thin section. These include partial recrystallization of igneous plagioclase to albite coupled with the formation of epidote. Furthermore, partial replacement of igneous hornblende by a fine-grained orthoamphibole-chamosite-epidote paragenesis can be observed and replacement of ilmenite by titanite. The compositions of the metamorphic minerals indicate upper greenschist facies conditions (460–500 °C according to two-feldspar geothermometry) under a high oxygen fugacity. Microstructures show that the monazite crystals belong to the metamorphic paragenesis and formed at the expense of magmatic allanite. Their negative Ce anomalies reflect the oxidizing conditions of metamorphism. Application of the xenotime in monazite solvus geothermometer provides unrealistically high temperatures of ~500–660 °C which disagree with the greenschist facies metamorphic paragenesis. We interpret that the presence of cheralite has a profound effect on the nature of the monazite-xenotime solvus curve and hence the existing calibrations of this geothermometer may be generally unsuitable for cheralite-rich monazite. An important geological result is that the Th-U-total Pb ages of the monazite grains are uniformingly Upper Cretaceous. Our data thus suggest that the imprint of the Alpine orogeny on the Slavonian Mountains was stronger than presumed until now.  相似文献   

Magnetic mineralogy and its implication of contemporary coastal sediments from South China     

Tingping Ouyang  Erwin Appel  Guodong Jia  Ningsheng Huang  Zhaoyu Zhu 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2013,68(6):1609-1617

Magnetic parameters have been widely used as a rapid, cost-effective, and non-destructive method. To assess whether their magnetic properties reflect the development history in the Pearl River Delta, three sediment cores collected from South China coastal waters were selected for magnetic research. The results indicate that the predominant ferrimagnetic mineral is magnetite, with an additional smaller amount of surprisingly high-coercive greigite. Fine-grained superparamagnetic and single-domain particles of magnetite and the relative contribution of greigite are increased when the total concentration of ferrimagnetic minerals is higher. Three well-known stages of the Chinese history, i.e., iron smelting, cultural revolution, and the latest phase of opening and reforming were identified in the vertical variation of magnetic concentration parameters. Although the record of the three cores is not completely consistent, the results point out that magnetic concentration parameters can reflect the development and pollution history in surrounding coastal areas.  相似文献   

Revisiting gateway cities: connecting hubs in global networks to their hinterlands     

Sören Scholvin  Moritz Breul  Javier Revilla Diez 《Urban geography》2013,34(9):1291-1309

Gateway cities have received much attention from urban geographers. In spite of outstanding contributions being made, we think that the concept needs to be revisited with regard to regional development implications. Bringing together research on global production networks (GPNs) and world cities, this article shows that gateway cities are critical for development in networks, generating impulses for peripheral locations by engaging them in processes of “strategic coupling.” Yet, gateway cities also concentrate segments of GPNs to the detriment of their hinterlands. We conceptualize gateway cities with the aid of five features: logistics and transport, industrial processing, corporate control, service provision and knowledge generation. Our concept allows for an understanding of cities in global and regional economic processes beyond corporate headquarters, corporate services and governance – that is, beyond the boundaries of existing research. It unsettles traditional understandings of strategic coupling and world cities, filling a lacuna on city–hinterland connections.  相似文献   

Measurements of translation, rotation and strain: new approaches to seismic processing and inversion     

Moritz Bernauer  Andreas Fichtner  Heiner Igel 《Journal of Seismology》2012,16(4):669-681

We propose a novel approach to seismic tomography based on the joint processing of translation, strain and rotation measurements. Our concept is based on the apparent S and P velocities, defined as the ratios of displacement velocity and rotation amplitude, and displacement velocity and divergence amplitude, respectively. To assess the capability of these new observables to constrain various aspects of 3D Earth structure, we study their corresponding finite-frequency kernels, computed with a combination of spectral-element simulations and adjoint techniques. The principal conclusion is that both the apparent S and P velocities are generally sensitive only to small-scale near-receiver structure, irrespective of the type of seismic wave considered. It follows that knowledge of deeper Earth structure would not be required in tomographic inversions for local structure based on the new observables. In a synthetic finite-perturbation test, we confirm the ability of the apparent S and P velocities to directly detect both the location and the sign of shallow lateral velocity variations.  相似文献   

The Aspen–Amsterdam void finder comparison project     

Jörg M. Colberg  Frazer Pearce  Caroline Foster  Erwin Platen  Riccardo Brunino  Mark Neyrinck  Spyros Basilakos  Anthony Fairall  Hume Feldman  Stefan Gottlöber  Oliver Hahn  Fiona Hoyle  Volker Müller  Lorne Nelson  Manolis Plionis  Cristiano Porciani  Sergei Shandarin  Michael S. Vogeley  Rien van de Weygaert 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2008,387(2):933-944

Despite a history that dates back at least a quarter of a century, studies of voids in the large-scale structure of the Universe are bedevilled by a major problem: there exist a large number of quite different void-finding algorithms, a fact that has so far got in the way of groups comparing their results without worrying about whether such a comparison in fact makes sense. Because of the recent increased interest in voids, both in very large galaxy surveys and in detailed simulations of cosmic structure formation, this situation is very unfortunate. We here present the first systematic comparison study of 13 different void finders constructed using particles, haloes, and semi-analytical model galaxies extracted from a subvolume of the Millennium simulation. This study includes many groups that have studied voids over the past decade. We show their results and discuss their differences and agreements. As it turns out, the basic results of the various methods agree very well with each other in that they all locate a major void near the centre of our volume. Voids have very underdense centres, reaching below 10 per cent of the mean cosmic density. In addition, those void finders that allow for void galaxies show that those galaxies follow similar trends. For example, the overdensity of void galaxies brighter than   m _B =−20  is found to be smaller than about −0.8 by all our void finding algorithms.  相似文献   

Alignment of voids in the cosmic web     

Erwin Platen  Rien van de Weygaert  Bernard J. T. Jones 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2008,387(1):128-136

We investigate the shapes and mutual alignment of voids in the large-scale matter distribution of a Λ cold dark matter (ΛCDM) cosmology simulation. The voids are identified using the novel watershed void finder (WVF) technique. The identified voids are quite non-spherical and slightly prolate, with axis ratios in the order of   c  :  b  :  a ≈ 0.5 : 0.7 : 1  . Their orientations are strongly correlated with significant alignments spanning scales  >30  h ⁻¹ Mpc  .
We also find an intimate link between the cosmic tidal field and the void orientations. Over a very wide range of scales we find a coherent and strong alignment of the voids with the tidal field computed from the smoothed density distribution. This orientation–tide alignment remains significant on scales exceeding twice the typical void size, which shows that the long-range external field is responsible for the alignment of the voids. This confirms the view that the large-scale tidal force field is the main agent for the large-scale spatial organization of the cosmic web.  相似文献   

临汾市树叶磁性的时空变化特征及其对大气重金属污染的指示   总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5       下载免费PDF全文

曹丽婉  胡守云  Appel Erwin  师尚礼  尹刚 《地球物理学报》2016,59(5):1729-1742

粉煤灰经工厂废气排放进入大气,对人类健康和生态系统都造成了无法弥补的破坏.本文选取具有高空间分辨率优势的树叶作为收集粉煤灰的载体,对临汾市大气中可吸入颗粒物进行磁学参数和重金属含量监测.结果表明,磁化率最大值出现在工厂污染源附近,磁化率空间分布呈现随污染源距离增加而降低的趋势.工业区收集到的磁性颗粒以低矫顽力、粗粒度的磁铁矿为主.夏季磁性矿物来源单一,主要为人为影响.冬季大气中悬浮的磁性颗粒有部分来自于西北风/北风的自然尘降.同一采样点磁化率随时间变化特征表明,树叶的磁学性质可以灵敏和有效地反映较短时期内大气污染的现状.统计分析表明磁化率和重金属元素(铁,铬,镍,铜,铅,钴)之间存在显著相关性.污染负荷指数用于评估研究区域内重金属各元素综合污染的程度.结果显示,在废弃的旧工业区附近无大气污染指示,但在运营中的工厂集中的地区,大气均受到严重污染.污染负荷指数与表征磁性矿物含量的磁化率呈相关性(r2=0.66),因此树叶的磁性参数可以作为大气重金属污染的替代指标.  相似文献   

Layer-Based Modelling of the Earth’s Gravitational Potential up to 10-km Scale in Spherical Harmonics in Spherical and Ellipsoidal Approximation   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Moritz Rexer  Christian Hirt  Sten Claessens  Robert Tenzer 《Surveys in Geophysics》2016,37(6):1035-1074

Global forward modelling of the Earth’s gravitational potential, a classical problem in geophysics and geodesy, is relevant for a range of applications such as gravity interpretation, isostatic hypothesis testing or combined gravity field modelling with high and ultra-high resolution. This study presents spectral forward modelling with volumetric mass layers to degree 2190 for the first time based on two different levels of approximation. In spherical approximation, the mass layers are referred to a sphere, yielding the spherical topographic potential. In ellipsoidal approximation where an ellipsoid of revolution provides the reference, the ellipsoidal topographic potential (ETP) is obtained. For both types of approximation, we derive a mass layer concept and study it with layered data from the Earth2014 topography model at 5-arc-min resolution. We show that the layer concept can be applied with either actual layer density or density contrasts w.r.t. a reference density, without discernible differences in the computed gravity functionals. To avoid aliasing and truncation errors, we carefully account for increased sampling requirements due to the exponentiation of the boundary functions and consider all numerically relevant terms of the involved binominal series expansions. The main outcome of our work is a set of new spectral models of the Earth’s topographic potential relying on mass layer modelling in spherical and in ellipsoidal approximation. We compare both levels of approximations geometrically, spectrally and numerically and quantify the benefits over the frequently used rock-equivalent topography (RET) method. We show that by using the ETP it is possible to avoid any displacement of masses and quantify also the benefit of mapping-free modelling. The layer-based forward modelling is corroborated by GOCE satellite gradiometry, by in-situ gravity observations from recently released Antarctic gravity anomaly grids and degree correlations with spectral models of the Earth’s observed geopotential. As the main conclusion of this work, the mass layer approach allows more accurate modelling of the topographic potential because it avoids 10–20-mGal approximation errors associated with RET techniques. The spherical approximation is suited for a range of geophysical applications, while the ellipsoidal approximation is preferable for applications requiring high accuracy or high resolution.  相似文献