The cultural politics of local economic development: meaning-making, place-making, and the urban policy process   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Eugene J McCann 《Geoforum》2002,33(3):385-398

A major concern of work in urban and political geography in recent decades has been to analyze how and in whose interests local space economies are produced and reproduced. A common focus is on the role local elites play in gathering support for their development agendas. Drawing from these literatures, this paper focuses on how various visions of the future of localities are contested in the local policy process. It argues that this struggle can be usefully understood as a cultural politics in which meanings are defined and struggled over, where social values are naturalized, and by which `common sense' is constructed and contested. The use of the term `cultural politics of local economic development' is, then, intended to indicate that meaning-making and place-making occur simultaneously in struggles over the future of space economies. It is also an attempt to overcome the problematic distinction between `culture' and `economy' that continues to haunt a great deal of work on urban politics. Through a case study of urban politics in Lexington, Kentucky in which discursive strategies are highlighted, it is argued that this approach is useful in that it provides insight into non-elite perspectives on local economic development and that it underscores the role played by everyday life in constituting political action. The paper concludes by suggesting that any problematization of the conceptual distinction between `culture' and `economy' must be carried out in and through detailed analyses of how groups involved in social struggle frequently construct rhetorical strategies in reference to it.  相似文献   

Diatoms of Low Alkalinity Lakes in the Northeastern United States     

Eugene F. Stoermer 《Journal of Paleolimnology》2001,25(1):129-130

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Reply to Comments by J. D. Wilson and C. J. Mooney on ’a Numerical Simulation of Boundary-Layer Flows Near Shelterbelt'S     

Eugene S. Takle  Hao Wang 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》1997,85(1):151-159

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Ecosystem Evaluation, Climate Change and Water Resources Planning   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

Eugene Z. Stakhiv  David C. Major 《Climatic change》1997,37(1):103-120

This paper considers ecosystem evaluation under conditions of climate change in the context both of the U.S. Water Resources Council's Principles and Guidelines (P&G) and the more general Federal regulations governing environmental evaluation. Federal water agencies have responsibilities for protecting aquatic ecosystems through their regulatory programs and operations and planning missions. The primary concern of water resources and aquatic ecosystems planning in the United States is on the riparian or floodplain corridors of river systems. In the context of climate change, planning for these systems focusses on adaptation options both for current climate variability and for that engendered by potential climate change.Ecosystems appear to be highly vulnerable to climate change, as described in IPCC reports. Aquatic ecosystems are likely to be doubly affected, first by thermally induced changes of global warming and second by changes in the hydrologic regime. Perhaps as much as any of the issues dealt with in this issue, the evaluation of ecosystems is linked to fundamental questions of criteria as well as to the details of the Federal environmental planning system. That system is a densely woven, interlocking system of environmental protection legislation, criteria and regulations that includes a self-contained evaluation system driven by the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) procedural guidelines (United States Council on Environmental Quality, 1978) and Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) requirements. The Corps of Engineers must use both the P&G and the NEPA/EIS system in discharging its responsibilities.If U.S. Federal agencies are to take the lead in formulating and evaluating adaptation options, there needs to be a reexamination of existing evaluation approaches. Among the elements of the P&G that may require rethinking in view of the prospects of global climate change are those relating to risk and uncertainty, nonstationarity, interest rates, and multiple objectives. Within the government planning process, efforts must be made to resolve inconsistencies and constraints in order to permit the optimal evaluation of water-based ecosystems under global climate change. The interrelationships of the two systems are described in this paper, and alternative ways of viewing the planning process are discussed. Strategic planning and management at the watershed level provides an effective approach to many of the issues. Current NEPA/EIS impact analysis does not provide a suitable framework for environmental impact analysis under climate uncertainty, and site-specific water resources evaluation relating to climate change appears difficult at current levels of knowledge about climate change. The IPCC Technical Guidelines, however, provide a useful beginning for assessing the impacts of future climate states.  相似文献   

Statistical characteristics of concentration fluctuations in dispersing plumes in the atmospheric surface layer     

Eugene Yee  P. R. Kosteniuk  G. M. Chandler  C. A. Biltoft  J. F. Bowers 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》1993,65(1-2):69-109

Measurements have been made of concentration fluctuations in a dispersing plume from an elevated point source in the atmospheric surface layer using a recently developed fast-response photoionization detector. This detector, which has a frequency response (–6 dB point) of about 100 Hz, is shown to be capable of resolving the fluctuation variance contributed by the energetic subrange and most of the inertial-convective subrange, with a reduction in the fluctuation variance due to instrument smoothing of the finest scales present in the plume of at most 4%.Concentration time series have been analyzed to obtain the statistical characteristics of both the amplitude and temporal structure of the dispersing plume. We present alongwind and crosswind concentration fluctuation profiles of statistics of amplitude structure such as total and conditional fluctuation intensity, skewness and kurtosis, and of temporal structure such as intermittency factor, burst frequency, and mean burst persistence time. Comparisons of empirical concentration probability distributions with a number of model distributions show that our near-neutral data are best represented by the lognormal distribution at shorter ranges, where both plume meandering and fine-scale in-plume mixing are equally important (turbulent-convective regime), and by the gamma distribution at longer ranges, where internal structure or spottiness is becoming dominant (turbulent-diffusive regime). The gamma distribution provides the best model of the concentration pdf over all downwind fetches for data measured under stable stratification. A physical model is developed to explain the mechanism-induced probabilistic schemes in the alongwind development of a dispersing plume, that lead to the observed probability distributions of concentration. Probability distributions of concentration burst length and burst return period have been extracted and are shown to be modelled well with a powerlaw distribution. Power spectra of concentration fluctuations are presented. These spectra exhibit a significant inertial-convective subrange, with the frequency at the spectral peak decreasing with increasing downwind fetch. The Kolmogorov constant for the inertial-convective subrange has been determined from the measured spectra to be 0.17±0.03.  相似文献   

Evaluating diatom succession: some pecularities of the Great Lakes case     

Eugene F. Stoermer 《Journal of Paleolimnology》1993,8(1):71-83

Succession of diatom communities in the Laurentian Great Lakes has several unusual aspects related to physical and chemical characteristics peculiar to these large systems and the constraints these conditions impose upon species which inhabit the Great Lakes. In such systems, paleolimnological reconstructions based on strict analogy to succession patterns in smaller lakes may be incomplete and, in some cases, positively misleading. In the Great Lakes, diatom accumulation rates appear to be regulated by interaction between concentration and supply rates of phosphorus and dissolved silicate. As phosphorus loadings increased historically, storage of diatom frustules in sediments was first increased, then limited, as concentrations of dissolved silica were reduced to levels limiting to diatom growth. Qualitative aspects of the diatom flora are also affected. Indigenous species adapted to growth in winter persist, while those with abundance maxima in summer are extirpated, presumably due to silica limitation in the summer epilimnion. Severe silica limitation also results in shifts to dominance by species whose growth strategies are particularly well adapted to sequestering dissolved silica. Because it is necessary to know the historical context in order to correctly interpret current changes in the Great Lakes diatom flora, paleolimnological studies have proven particularly valuable.  相似文献   

The mechanism of formation of the Baikal basin     

Eugene V. Artyushkov  Felix A. Letnikov  Valery V. Ruzhich 《Journal of Geodynamics》1990,11(4)

The Baikal is a deep long and narrow basin in East Siberia which follows a huge fault zone adjoining the Siberian Platform. The basin was formed by rapid subsidence of continental crust during the pas 3–4 Ma. It is bounded by normal faults which indicate extension of the crust during the subsidence. According to seismic reflection profiling data, the intensity of extension is not large (3–7%). It is much smaller than the thinning of the crystalline crust under the basin (up to 38%). The thinning and crustal subsidence can be explained by the transformation of gabbro in the lower crust into dense garnet granulites. The latter rocks (with V_p 7.7−7.8 km/sec) are still located under the remnant part of the crust. Rapid transformation took place due to an inflow of catalyzing fluid along the fault zone from the asthenospheric upwelling. This upwelling, which is at a depth of 80–90 km, caused a general uplift of a broad area in the south of East Siberia.  相似文献   

A study of the thermal behavior of terrestrial tridymite by continuous X-ray diffraction     

Eugene A. Smelik  Robert R. Reeber 《Physics and Chemistry of Minerals》1990,17(3):197-206

Phase transition behavior of two types of terrestrial tridymite; crystals from Topaz Mountain in the Thomas Range of northwestern Utah and Smith Peak in Plumas County, California; were investigated. The Topaz Mtn. samples were characterized at room temperature using optical, X-ray diffraction (Debye-Scherrer, rotation, and Laue), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) methods. Least-squares refinement of the powder data yielded an orthorhombic cell with a = 17.072 Å, b = 9.923 Å, and c = 16.291 Å. The tridymite is designated PO-2 (nomenclature of Nukui and Nakazawa 1980). This material is complexly twinned and has severe stacking disorder parallel to [001]. Additional X-ray experiments were performed on one Plumas County crystal and four Topaz Mtn. crystals during heating from room temperature to a minimum of 320° C with one run attaining a maximum temperature of 532° C. Crystal to crystal behavior was somewhat variable suggesting kinetic barriers to transition controlled by the detailed structural state of each crystal.The Laue results indicated that the transition behavior of these multiple twinned tridymites could be conveniently divided into two classes: discontinuous and continuous. The discontinuous diffraction effects were generally associated with major structural transitions. Continuous diffraction effects involved gradual structural distortions of the tridymite framework that occurred over discrete ranges of temperature. Upon cooling, many of the minor effects were not reversible while the major transitions were reversible with some temperature hysteresis. Comparison of initial and final diffraction patterns indicated that the starting and ending structures were very similar but not identical. From the five experiments, three distinct patterns emerged based on the major transitions observed: Type I behavior (Topaz Mtn.) characterized by three major changes at 175–187° C, 283–302° C, and 348–352° C, Type II behavior (Plumas Co.) characterized by one major transition between 283–295° C, and Type III behavior (Topaz Mtn.) characterized by one major change between 159–165° C.  相似文献   

Comparison of estuarine and coastal journal quality     

R. Eugene Turner 《Estuaries and Coasts》1994,17(3):721-725

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Comparison of continuous records of near-bottom dissolved oxygen from the hypoxia zone along the Louisiana coast     

Nancy N. Rabalais  William J. Wiseman  R. Eugene Turner 《Estuaries and Coasts》1994,17(4):850-861

Oxygen depletion is a seasonally dominant feature of the lower water column on the highly-stratified, riverine-influenced continental shelf of Louisiana. The areal extent of hypoxia (bottom waters ≤2 mg l^?1 dissolved oxygen) in mid-summer may encompass up to 9,500 km², from the Mississippi River delta to the upper Texas coast, with the spatial configuration of the zone varying interannually. We placed two continuously recording oxygen meters (Endeco 1184) within 1 m of the seabed in 20-m water depth at two locations 77 km apart where we previously documented midsummer bottom water hypoxia. The oxygen meters recorded considerably different oxygen conditions for a 4-mo deployment from mid-June through mid-October. At the station off Terrebonne Bay (C6A), bottom waters were severely depleted in dissolved oxygen and often anoxic for most of the record from mid-June through mid-August, and there were no strong diurnal or diel patterns. At the station 77 km to the east and closer to the Mississippi River delta (WD32E), hypoxia occurred for only 50% of the record, and there was a strong diurnal pattern in the oxygen time-series data. There was no statistically significant coherence between the oxygen time-series at the two stations. Coherence of the oxygen records with wind records was weak. The dominant coherence identified was between the diurnal peaks in the WD32E oxygen record and the bottom pressure record from a gauge located at the mouth of Terrebonne Bay, suggesting that the dissolved oxygen signal at WD32E was due principally to advection by tidal currents. Although the oxygen time-series were considerably different, they were consistent with the physical and biological processes that affect hypoxia on the Louisiana shelf. Differences in the time-series were most intimately tied to the topographic cross-shelf gradients in the two locations, that is, station C6A off Terrebonne Bay was in the middle of a broad, gradually sloping shelf and station WD32E in the Mississippi River Delta Bight was in an area with a steeper cross-shelf depth gradient and likely situated near the edge of a hypoxic water mass that was tidally advected across the study site.  相似文献