Timing of Variscan HP-HT metamorphism in the Moldanubian Zone of the Bohemian Massif: U-Pb SHRIMP dating on multiply zoned zircons from a granulite from the Dunkelsteiner Wald Massif, Lower Austria     

Gertrude Friedl  Rob A. Cooke  Friedrich Finger  Neal J. McNaughton  Ian R. Fletcher 《Mineralogy and Petrology》2011,102(1-4):63-75

In an attempt to better constrain the timing of Variscan HP-HT metamorphism in the SE Bohemian Massif we have dated zoned zircons from a garnet-kyanite granulite of granitic composition from the Dunkelsteiner Wald Massif, Lower Austria, by means of sensitive high-resolution ion microprobe (SHRIMP) technique. In order to combine isotopic information with crystal growth textures, CL and BSE images were systematically taken from the dated zircons. A characteristic threefold concentric zoning was found in many zircons. This involves pre-Variscan protolithic cores followed by two distinct metamorphic/anatectic overgrowth shells of Variscan age. The inner overgrowth shell is characterized by a weak CL but bright BSE signal, and yields high contents of uranium (0.1 to 0.2 wt.%). A pooled U-Pb Concordia age for this zone is 342.0?±?3.0?Ma (n?=?11, MSWD?=?0.12). The second, outer, overgrowth shell is always bright in the CL image, dark in the BSE image, and has generally low uranium contents (mostly <500?ppm). A pooled U-Pb Concordia age for this zone is 337.1?±?2.7?Ma (n?=?11, MSWD?=?0.22). These results imply that the Variscan HT crystallisation history of the Moldanubian granulites took place over a period of a few million years and was not an extremely rapid subduction-exhumation process. SHRIMP measurements in the protolithic cores yield a cluster of (sub)concordant ages between ??390 and 460?Ma and a few outliers at higher ages mostly represented by cores in cores. Core domains, which are large, homogeneous and with undisturbed igneous oscillatory zoning, yielded preferentially ages between 430 and 460?Ma. We therefore consider that granitic protolith formation took place at that time. The still older inner cores are interpreted as inherited into the granitic melt.  相似文献   

Vertical distribution and growth performance of Baltic cod larvae – Field evidence for starvation-induced recruitment regulation during the larval stage?     

Bastian Huwer  Catriona Clemmesen  Peter Grønkjær  Friedrich W. Köster 《Progress in Oceanography》2011,91(4):382-396

Besides variable egg survival, previous studies suggested that the larval stage may be the most critical phase in determining Baltic cod recruitment variability, and that larvae need to conduct an ontogenetic vertical migration from hatching depths (>50 m) to upper layers with increased food availability in order to initiate first feeding, improve their nutritional condition and growth, and avoid starvation. Recently, detailed information on the stage-resolved vertical distribution of main Baltic copepod species, including the preferred larval Baltic cod prey species Pseudocalanus acuspes, has become available. Therefore, the vertical distribution of Baltic cod larvae in August 2007 and their depth-dependent nutritional condition and growth were investigated. RNA–DNA based methods were used to estimate growth, including a novel approach to estimate growth performance by relating observed specific growth rates (SGR) of field caught larvae to temperature-dependent reference growth rates (G_ref) for fast-growing laboratory reared fish from the literature. This standardization to G_ref was found to have a great potential to improve investigations on the growth and ecology of larval fish. The need for early larvae to migrate to shallower layers was corroborated, while larger size classes were found at increasingly greater depths. This may reflect a continuation of the ontogenetic vertical migration in order to follow increasingly larger prey items at greater depths and to save energy in cooler waters below the thermocline. Larval growth generally declined with increasing depth, but the decline in growth became less pronounced in larger size classes. This indicates that larger larvae were better in coping with the ambient environment and the available prey field at greater depths. Generally, Baltic cod larvae grew poorly compared to larvae from other studies, which is discussed in relation to differences in predation and a possible food–temperature trade-off for larvae in the highly stratified Baltic Sea. Comparison with earlier results showed a higher frequency of starving larvae and lower frequencies of larger larvae after the first-feeding stage in 1994 and 1995. As this was a period of low Baltic cod recruitment despite favourable conditions for egg survival, it is concluded that larval starvation mortality has a high potential to contribute to recruitment variability in Baltic cod.  相似文献   

Magnetism of Chinese loess deposits   总被引：28，自引：0，他引：28  

Friedrich Heller  LiU Tungsheng 《Geophysical Journal International》1984,77(1):125-141

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ANNOUNCEMENT     

Friedrich Begemann 《Meteoritics & planetary science》1983,18(1):85-85

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TOF‐SIMS analysis of Allende projectiles shot into silica aerogel     

Thomas Stephan  Anna L. Butterworth  Friedrich Hrz  Christopher J. Snead  Andrew J. Westphal 《Meteoritics & planetary science》2006,41(2):211-216

Abstract— Powdered Allende projectiles were fired into silica aerogel at 6.1 km/sec in order to evaluate particle retrieval and analysis techniques for samples from the Stardust mission. Since particles may disintegrate and ablate along the penetration paths in a high‐porosity aerogel, TOF‐SIMS analysis may be a suitable method to determine the distribution of such materials along the tracks as well as potential compositional modifications. Therefore, two ?350 μm‐sized tracks, residing at the surface of a keystone specimen that was flattened between two silicon chips, were analyzed. TOF‐SIMS allows for a detailed study of the chemical composition of particles that survived the impact mostly intact and of fine‐grained material from disintegrated projectiles. In the investigated keystone, material from light gas gun debris dominated. Besides the two tracks, a continuous, 40‐μm‐thick surface layer of implanted material—probably gun residue—was found. One of the two analyzed tracks is compositionally distinct from this surface layer and is likely to contain residual material of an Allende projectile. The analyses clearly demonstrate that tracks, resulting from impactors in the 5–10 μm size range, can be successfully analyzed with TOF‐SIMS.  相似文献   

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1674987112001569   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Fatih Karaoglan  Osman Parlak  Urs Kltzli  Friedrich Koller  Tamer Rizaoglu 《地学前缘(英文版)》2013,4(4):399-408

The southeastern Anatolia comprises numbers of tectono-magmatic/stratigraphic units such as the metamorphic massifs,the ophiolites,the volcanic arc units and the granitoid rocks.All of them play important role for the late Cretaceous evolution of the southern Neotethys.The spatial and temporal relations of these units suggest the progressive development of coeval magmatism and thrusting during the late Cretaceous northward subduction/accretion.Our new U-Pb zircon data from the rhyolitic rocks of the wide-spread volcanic arc unit show ages of(83.1±2.2)-(74.6±4.4) Ma. Comparison of the ophiolites,the volcanic arc units and the granitoids suggest following late Cretaceous geological evolution.The ophiolites formed in a suprasubduction zone(SSZ) setting as a result of northward intra-oceanic subduction.A wide-spread island-arc tholeiitic volcanic unit developed on the top of the SSZ-type crust during 83-75 Ma.Related to regional plate convergence, northward under-thrusting of SSZ-type ophiolites and volcanic arc units was initiated beneath the Tauride platform(Malatya-Keban) and followed by the intrusion of l-type calc-alkaline volcanic arc granitoids during 84-82 Ma.New U-Pb ages from the arc-related volcanic-sedimentary unit and granitoids indicate that under-thrusting of ophiolites together with the arc-related units beneath the Malatya-Keban platform took place soon after the initiation of the volcanic arc on the top of the SSZtype crust.Then the arc-related volcanic-sedimentary unit continued its development and lasted at～75 Ma until the deposition of the late Campanian—Maastrichtian shallow marine limestone.The subduction trench eventually collided with the Bitlis-Ptrge massif giving rise to HP-IT metamorphism of the Bitlis massif.Although the development of the volcanic arc units and the granitoids were coeval at the initial stage of the subduction/accretion both tectono-magmatic units were genetically different from each other.  相似文献   

Spectroscopic characterisation and crystal field calculations of varicoloured kyanites from Loliondo, Tanzania     

Manfred Wildner  Anton Beran  Friedrich Koller 《Mineralogy and Petrology》2013,107(2):289-310

Orange, ochre-coloured, light green and dark blue varieties of kyanite, ideally Al₂SiO₅, from Loliondo, Tanzania, have been characterised by electron microprobe analysis and polarised infrared and optical absorption spectroscopy. All colour varieties show elevated Fe contents of 0.39 to 1.31 wt.% FeO, but Ti contents only in the range of the EMP detection limit. Orange and ochre-coloured crystals have Mn contents of 0.23 and 0.06 wt.% MnO, respectively, the dark blue kyanite contains 0.28 wt.% Cr₂O₃, while the light green sample is nearly free from transition metal cations other than Fe. Polarised infrared spectra reveal OH defect concentrations of 3 to 17 wt.ppm H₂O with structural OH defects partially replacing the O_B (O2) oxygen atoms. Polarised optical absorption spectra show that the colour of all four varieties is governed by crystal field d-d transitions of trivalent cations, i.e. Fe³⁺ (all samples), Mn³⁺ (orange and ochre) and Cr³⁺ (blue kyanite), replacing Al in sixfold coordinated triclinic sites of the kyanite structure. Intervalence charge transfer, the prevalent colour-inducing mechanism in ‘usual’ (Cr-poor) blue kyanites, seems to play a very minor, if any, role in the present samples. Crystal field calculations in both a ‘classic’ tetragonal and in the semiempirical Superposition Model approach, accompanied by distance- and angle-least-squares refinements, indicate that Fe³⁺ preferably occupies the Al4 site, Cr³⁺ prefers the Al1 and Al2 sites, and Mn³⁺ predominantly enters the Al1 site. In each case specific local relaxation effects were observed according to the crystal chemical preferences of these transition metal cations. Furthermore, the high values obtained in the calculations for the interelectronic repulsion parameter Racah B correspond to a high ionic contribution to Me³⁺–O bonding in the kyanite structure. In the particular case of the blue sample, band positions specifically related to the high Racah B value enable this ‘unusual’ type of blue colouration of kyanite solely due to Cr³⁺ cations.  相似文献   

Why is the Eastern Baltic cod recovering?     

Margit Eero  Friedrich W. KösterMorten Vinther 《Marine Policy》2012,36(1):235-240

The Eastern Baltic cod stock was until recently below safe biological limits and suffered from high fishing pressure. In most recent years, fishing mortality substantially declined and spawner biomass more than tripled. Similar developments have not been observed for any other depleted cod stock in the North Atlantic during the last few decades. This paper investigates relative impacts of changes in different ecological and management-related drivers, which could have contributed to the rapid recovery of the Eastern Baltic cod. The results show that the success to reduce fishing mortality below management target in 2008 was due to a combination of increased recruitment and improved compliance with TAC. The reversal of the negative trend in biomass and rebuilding of the stock to the present level were largely driven by increased recruitment. Harvest control rules of the multi-annual management plan for setting TACs currently maintain the fishing mortality at a low level, which allows the stock to accumulate biomass and further accelerate its recovery. Relatively strong incoming year-classes and recently better control over removals distinguish the Eastern Baltic cod from other depleted European cod stocks, which have not shown similar positive trends in recent years. Sound management measures and compliance to those as well as favourable biological conditions are required for a successful stock recovery.  相似文献   

PMSE and E-region plasma instability: In situ observations     

B. Strelnikov  M. Rapp  M. Zecha  T.A. Blix  M. Friedrich  T.K. Yeoman 《Journal of Atmospheric and Solar》2009,71(1):143-157

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Effects of ambient and boat noise on hearing and communication in three fish species living in a marine protected area (Miramare, Italy)   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Antonio Codarin  Lidia E. Wysocki  Friedrich Ladich  Marta Picciulin 《Marine pollution bulletin》2009,58(12):1880-1887

The WWF-Natural Marine Reserve of Miramare (Trieste, Italy) is located in a major industrial and vacation area in the Adriatic Sea. Consequently, noise emanating from boating and shipping is an inevitable factor for local fishes. This study investigates the effects of ambient and ship noise on representatives of three vocal fish families with different hearing abilities. Ambient and ship noise were recorded, their sound pressure levels measured and played back in the lab. Auditory sensitivity was determined in Chromis chromis, Sciaena umbra and Gobius cruentatus, utilizing the auditory evoked potential recording technique. Compared to lab conditions, hearing thresholds determined during ambient noise playbacks were barely masked. Contrary, the noise emanating from a cabin-cruiser substantially reduced auditory sensitivity relative to thresholds in ambient noise. This masking effect was most pronounced in the frequency range where acoustic communication takes place. Boat noise potentially affects acoustic communication in fishes inhabiting the reserve.  相似文献