IGU special issue on population redistribution in Asia and the Pacific region     

Clarke JI  Kawabe H 《Population geography : a journal of the Association of Population Geographers of India》1981,3(1-2):1-120

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Dynamic analysis of city size distribution: a case study of Niigata Prefecture in Japan     

Kohsaka H 《Chirigaku hyōron》1978,51(3):223-234

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亚利桑那州的巨型干裂缝     

Raymond  C．Harris  于小芳 《水文地质工程地质技术方法动态》2006,(6):33-35

自1998年以来，亚利桑那州地质调查局就收到许多州周边大范围多个分散地点出现新裂缝的有关报告。此前90年代中期，报告的大部分裂缝均是人们所熟悉的类型，即开采地下水造成地面塌陷引发的地裂缝。然而，这些新裂缝大部分被证明具有不同的诱因——富含粘土的土壤或沉积物的干燥或被烘干。通过绘制这些被报道裂缝的地图及观察其航空照片，结果显示，这些“巨型干裂缝（GDC）”要比预先想象的普遍的多，并且比由开采地下水引起的地裂缝广泛的多。通过绘制亚利桑那州这些巨型干裂缝的地图，最近完成的一项研究证明了勘测的结果。这篇文章概述了那篇报道。  相似文献   

Remediation and restoration of metal-contaminated sites： Concepts and appfications to mining areas     

Domy C. Adriano Hyo T. Chon Sally L. Brown Rosanna Ginocchio 《中国地球化学学报》2006,25(B08):45-46

Metals, including heavy metals and metalloids, are a common group of environmental contaminants. Their sources in the environment are geogenic or anthropogenic. The growing trend in global industrialization ensures that more metals could be dispersed even in pristine ecosystems. To fuel industrialization, more metal ore mines have to be discovered and explored. These explorations often result in landscape disturbance, soil degradation and environmental contamination by unwanted mining constituents. Mine tailings brought up to the ground surface often serve as the main source of contaminants when these pyrite-rich materials oxidize. The oxidation of mine tailings results in proton generation, coupled with the dissolution of metals and other cations Unwanted anionic constituents are also produced. The so-called ＂acid mine drainage＂ may affect the productivity of farmlands and stability of receiving streams and other bodies of water-acidifying the waters and enriching the ecosystem with metals, i.e., high total dissolved solids. The acidified overburden materials become inhospitable to plant and microbial life as they are typically low in organic matter content and infertile. This exposes the landscape to runoff and erosion.  相似文献   

Associations and mobility of uranium in soils near a depleted uranium （DU） weapons testing site, SW Scotland     

Margaret C. Graham John G. Farmer Ian W. Oliver Angus B. MacKenzie Robert M. Ellam 《中国地球化学学报》2006,25(B08):112-112

Natural uranium has three isotopes, ^238U, ^235U and ^234U, with natural abundances of 99.27 atom %, 0.72% and 0.0055%, respectively. Only ^235U is fissile and the production of nuclear fuel and nuclear weapons involves enrichment of uranium in ^235U. This process also results in separation of ^234U from ^238U, leaving depleted uranium （DU）, with typical ^234U/^238U and ^235U/^238U activity ratios of about 0.19 and 0.013, respectively, as a waste product. The high density, high melting and boiling points and chemical stability of uranium and the availability of DU in relatively pure form mean that DU has many uses, including armour-piercing munitions. Such munitions have been developed in the UK since the 1960s and testing has been carried out by the Ministry of Defence （MoD） at firing ranges such as Dundrennan, SW Scotland and Eskmeals, NW England. The firing of DU munitions can result in the dispersion of DU and its combustion products （oxides） as aerosols or as larger fragments, with the potential for human exposure either directly at the site of detonation or via post-depositional migration in the environment. The aim of this work was to investigate the potential environmental mobility of DU by characterizing the associations of U in soil porewaters with increasing distance from a firing site. To this end, several soil cores located down-wind of the firing site at Dundrennan, near Kirkcudbright, SW Scotland, were collected in May 2006. These were sectioned on-site into 1- or 2-cm depth intervals and porewaters were isolated by centfifugation （10 minutes; 8873 g） on return to the laboratory. Following filtration through 0.2-micron cellulose nitrate filters, the porewaters were analyzed by ICP-QMS （U concentration） and ICP-OES （Fe, Al, Ca, Mg, Mn concentrations）. Sub-samples were also subjected to centrifugal ultrafiltration （100, 30, and 3 kD） and to gel electrophoretic fractionation （agarose; 0.045 M Tris-borate; 20 mA, 30 minutes）. Results showed that U was present at up to 4 μg/L in the soil porewater and that the associations of U varied with sample location and soil depth.  相似文献   

Improved reliability in the interpretation of geochemical measurements by the quantification of uncertainty from sampling     

Michael H. Ramsey Paul D. Taylor Katy A. Boon 《中国地球化学学报》2006,25(B08):209-210

All geochemical measurements require the taking of field samples, but the uncertainty that this process causes is often ignored when assessing the reliability of the interpretation, of the geochemistry or the health implications. Recently devised methods for the estimation, optimisation and reduction of this uncertainty have been evaluated by their application to the investigation of contaminated land. Uncertainty of measurement caused by primary sampling has been estimated for a range of six different contaminated land site investigations, using an increasingly recognized procedure. These site investigations were selected to reflect a wide range of different sizes, contaminants （organic and metals）, previous land uses （e.g. tin mining, railway sidings and gas works）, intended future use （housing to nature reserves） and routinely applied sampling methods. The results showed that the uncertainty on measurements was substantial, ranging from 25% to 186% of the concentration values at the different sites. Sampling was identified as the dominant source of the uncertainty （〉70% of measurement uncertainty） in most cases. The fitness-for-purpose of the measurements was judged using the optimized contaminated land investigation （OCLI） method. This identifies the optimal level of uncertainty that reduces to overall financial loss caused by the measurement procedures and the misclassification of the contamination, caused by the uncertainty. Generally the uncertainty of the actual measurements made in these different site investigations was found to be sub-optimal, and too large by a factor of approximately two. The uncertainty is usually limited by the sampling, but this can be reduced by increasing the sample mass by a factor of 4 （predicted by sampling theory）. It is concluded that knowing the value of the uncertainty enables the interpretation to be made more reliable, and that sampling is the main factor limiting most investigations. This new approach quantifies this problem for the first time, and allows sampling procedures to be critically evaluated, and modified, to improve the reliability of the geochemical assessment.  相似文献   

Naturally acidic and metalliferous waters at unmined volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits in the Bonnifield mining district, Alaska Range, east-central Alaska     

Robert G. Eppinger Paul H. Briggs Cynthia Dusel-Bacon Stuart A. Giles Larry P. Gough Jane M.Hammarstrom Bernard E. Hubbard 《中国地球化学学报》2006,25(B08):232-232

The Bonnifield district hosts 26 tmmined volcanogenic massive sulfide （VMS） occurrences. Environmental geochemical samples of water and stream sediment were collected at several occurrences, concentrating on the two best-exposed and largest deposits, Red Mountain （RM） and Sheep Creek （SC）. Limited samples were also collected at the poorly exposed WTF deposit. The deposits are Late Devonian to Early Mississippian, and are hosted by felsic metavolcanic and carbonaceous schist members of the Totatlanika Schist or Keevy Peak Fm. Spring and stream waters at RM and SC have pH values commonly 〈3.5 （as low as 2.4 at RM and 2.5 at SC）, high conductivity （up to 11000 μS/cm）, and very high （Is to 100s mg/L） dissolved contents of Al, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Ni, and Pb. Waters at RM are characterized by extremely high REE contents （summed REE median 3200 μg/L, n=33）. At both RM and SC, pyrite oxidation and dissolution produce low pH waters that interact with and dissolve bedrock minerals, resulting in acidic, metal-laden, naturally degraded streams that are mostly devoid of aquatic life. Ferricrete is common. In contrast, WTF barely produces a surficial environmental footprint, mostly due to topography and relief. RM and SC are well exposed in the areas of relatively high relief, and both exhibit extensive areas of quartz-sericite-pyrite-alteration. While WTF shares many of the same deposit-and alteration characteristics, it is concealed by tundra in a large, nearly flat area. Surface water at WTF is absent and outcrops are sparse. Even though WTF is roughly the same size as Red Mountain （both around 3 million tonnes） and has similar base- and precious-metal grades, the surficial geochemical manifestation of WTF is minimal. However, exposure through mining of the altered, mineralized rock at WTF potentially could initiate the same processes of pyrite oxidation, acid generation, and mineral dissolution that are observed naturally at RM and SC.  相似文献   

和田地区近40年气温变化特征分析     

玉苏甫·阿布都拉  艾力·买买提明  热依汗古丽 《沙漠与绿洲气象(新疆气象)》2005,28(5):16-17

利用和田地区4个代表站1961～2000年的气温资料，对和田地区近40a来的气温变化作了分析。得出近40年来和田地区年平均气温呈上升趋势，春季气温和于田县的年平均气温却呈下降趋势。特别是上世纪90年代增温十分明显，1999年是近40a来和田地区最暖的一年。  相似文献   

初夏一次特大暴雨的诊断分析     

阿不里米提·塔西  王旭  徐予洋 《沙漠与绿洲气象(新疆气象)》2002,25(1):20-22

对新疆1996年5月28－30日一次特大暴雨过程的诊断分析，给出了暴雨产生的原因。  相似文献   

人工影响天气在防御气象灾害中的重要作用     

瓦黑提·阿扎买提 《沙漠与绿洲气象(新疆气象)》2002,25(2):36-36

１概述加强对天气、气候和水相关的极端事件的预测和预报，并通过实施完备的防灾、减灾、救灾战略，最大限度地降低气象灾害极端事件带来的负面影响，保证国家经济建设顺利进行和广大人民群众的生命财产安全是我们面临的重要任务。人工影响天气作为防灾减灾手段之一，在抵御气象灾害方面发挥着越来越重要的作用，为人类未雨绸缪，趋利避害，营造美好的生存环境，做出了越来越大的贡献。人工影响天气技术问世已有半个多世纪了，并从起初的人工增水逐步扩展到人工防雹、人工消云（雾）、人工防霜、人工抑制闪电等方面。同时，人工影响天气的理…  相似文献