Spectrophotometric lightness and chromaticity measurements on absorbing peat and brown coal surfaces: Part I — method and evaluation     

Hans W. Hagemann  Janet Dehmer 《International Journal of Coal Geology》1991,19(1-4)

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Zur Evolution des eukaryotischen Phytoplankton im Riphäikum — Neue Erkenntnisse aus der Belt Serie von Nordamerika     

Prof. Dr. Dr.-Ing. Hans D. Pflug  Dr. Erhard Reitz 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》1988,77(2):417-427

Zusammenfassung Aus dem Proterozoikum der Zeitspanne 1400–1000 M.J. war bisher noch kein Vorkommen von eukaryotischem Phytoplankton bekannt. Unsere neuen Funde aus der Belt-Serie von Idaho und Montana gehören in dieses Intervall und füllen damit eine Kenntnislücke. Die identifizierten Mikrobiota passen gut ins bisher bekannte Bild der früh-riphäischen Algenwelt. Charakteristisch für die Vertreter ist eine einfache Morphologie, ein kleines Formenangebot, eine geringe Individuen-Zahl und ein seltenes Vorkommen, das überdies auf bestimmte Lebensräume der Schelfe beschränkt ist. Offenbar war das eukaryotische Phytoplankton zu dieser Zeit noch im langen Anfangsstadium einer Entwicklung, die dem Fossilbefund zufolge bereits vor mehr als 2000 M.J. begonnen haben mu\. Aber erst vor ca. 850 Millionen Jahren setzte eine stärkere Entwicklung zu neuen Formen ein, die dann schrittweise die urtümliche Cyanobakterien-Welt ablösten.

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On the evolution of the eukaryotic phytoplankton in the Riphean — New evidence from the Beltian Serie of North America

No occurrences of eukaryotic phytoplankton were hitherto known during the time span from 1400–1000 M.Y. of the Proterozoic. Our findings from the Beltian Series of Idaho and Montana belong to this interval and thus fill a gap in our knowledge. The identified microbiota agree well with those from the early Riphean. They are characterized by simple morphologies, a limited variety of forms, a low number of individuals and a rare occurrence restricted to a few environments. The findings suggest, that the eukaryotic plankton of that time was still in its long initial stage of evolution which, according to present evidence, must have begun prior to 2000 M.Y. It was only later than 850 million years ago, that the diversification proceeded more rapidly. The new developments gradually replaced the ancient world of cyanobacteria.

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Résumé La présence de phytoplancton eucaryotique n'était pas connue jusqu'à présent pendant la période allant de 1400 à 1000 Ma, au ProtérozoÏque. Nos nouvelles découvertes dans le domaine de la Série Belt de l'Idaho et du Montana se rapportent à ce laps de temps et comblent ainsi une lacune de nos connaissances. Les microbiota identifiés correspondent bien à l'image que l'on se fait des algues du pré-Riphéen connues jusqu'à présent. Ses représentants se caractérisent par une morphologie simple, une variété de formes limitée, un nombre réduit d'individus et une occurence rare, réduite à un petit nombre de milieux. Visiblement, le phytoplancton eucaryotique était encore à cette époque dans la longue phase initiale de son développement qui, d'après les fossiles trouvés, doit avoir commencé il y a plus de 2000 Ma. Ce n'est qu'à moins de 850 Ma que des formes nouvelles se sont diversifiées de faÇon importante et ont remplacé graduellement le monde des cyanobactéries d'origine.

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Phengite geobarometry based on the limiting assemblage with K-feldspar,phlogopite, and quartz   总被引：37，自引：0，他引：37  

Hans -Joachim Massonne  Werner Schreyer 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》1987,96(2):212-224

Following and extending the early work of Velde (1965) the pressure-temperature dependence of the compositions of potassic white micas coexisting with K-feldspar, quartz, and phlogopite in the model system K₂O-MgO-Al₂O₃-SiO₂-H₂O was investigated up to fluid pressures of 24 kbar by synthesis experiments. There is a strong, almost linear increase of the Si content per formula unit (p.f.u.) of phengite, ideally KAl_2–xMg_x[Al_1–xSi_3+xO₁₀] (OH)₂ with pressure, as well as a moderate decrease of Si (or x) with temperature. The most siliceous phengite with Si near 3.8 p.f.u. becomes stable near 20 kbar depending on temperature. However, contrary to Velde's assumption, these phengites coexisting with the limiting assemblage are invariably not of an ideal dioctahedral composition (as given by the above formula) but have total octahedral occupancies as high as about 2.1 p.f.u.The stability field of the critical assemblage phengite — K-feldspar — phlogopite — quartz ranges, in the presence of excess H₂O, from at least 350° C to about 700° C but has an upper pressure limit in the range 16–22 kbar, when K-feldspar and phlogopite react to form phengite and a K, Mg-rich siliceous fluid.For the purpose of using these phase relationships as a new geobarometer for natural rocks, the influence of other components in the phengite (F, Fe, Na) is evaluated on the basis of literature data. Water activities below unity shift the Si isopleths of phengite towards higher pressures and lower temperatures, but the effects are relatively small. Tests of the new geobarometer with published analytical and PT data on natural phengite-bearing rocks are handicapped by the paucity of reliable values, but also by the obvious lack of equilibration of phengite compositions in many rocks that show zonation of their phengites or even more than one generation of potassic white micas with different compositions. From natural phengites that do not coexist with the limiting assemblage studied here but still with a Mg, Fe-silicate, at least minimum pressures can be derived with the use of the data presented.  相似文献   

Inorganic bedded cherts from the Magadi area,Kenya     

Hans P. Eugster 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》1969,22(1):1-31

The High Magadi beds can be divided into a lower and an upper sequence, separated by a bed rich in Tilapia nilotica remains. The lower sequence contains one or more magadiite horizons. Through digging of trenches it has been possible to establish that the cherts of the Chert Series are stratigraphically equivalent to the magadiite horizons. The transition magadiite-chert has been observed in many places and may occur over a distance of less than 50 cm. It is accomplished by removal of sodium by percolating waters. The resulting bedded chert may preserve the fine lamination present in magadiite. The conversion is accompanied by many textural and structural features such as large desiccation polygons, buckling, reticulation, extrusion, casts of mud-cracks and calcite.The precipitation of magadiite is postulated to have taken place in annual increments in a stratified lake at the brine-epilimnion interface. The maximum duration is estimated at 4,000–6,000 years. Solubility measurements indicate that most Magadi waters at the present time are supersaturated with respect to magadiite and kenyaite, though no precipitation has been observed. The presence of chert chips in intraformational gravels indicates that the conversion to chert was already initiated during the magadiite precipitation interval.The inorganic mechanism for the formation of bedded chert observed at Magadi is suggested to apply also to the Dales Gorge Member of the Precambrian Brockman Iron Formation of W. Australia. Evidence for magadiite as chert precursor is found in the depositional rates, the presence of riebeckite and in textures such as macules and cross-pods. The proposed model is extended to include Precambrian banded iron formations in general and the restriction of these formations to the early history of the earth is explained by the likely compositions of waters from closed basins.  相似文献   

Die Sandsteine in der Molasse nördlich der Alpen     

Doz. Dr. Hans Füchtbauer 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》1967,56(1):266-300

Three main sandstone species have been found in the Molasse N of the Alps (fig. 3):

1. 1.
   In Rupelian and Chattian time: Quartzose calcite-dolomite arenites (source rocks: Flysch; limestones and dolomites).  相似文献