Stabilitätsbeziehungen zwischen Chlorit,Cordierit und Almandin bei der Metamorphose     

Dr. Achim Hirschberg  Helmut G. F. Winkler 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》1968,18(1):17-42

The stability relations between cordierite and almandite in rocks, having a composition of CaO poor argillaceous rocks, were experimentally investigated. The starting material consisted of a mixture of chlorite, muscovite, and quartz. Systems with widely varying Fe²⁺/Fe²⁺+Mg ratios were investigated by using two different chlorites, thuringite or ripidolite, in the starting mixture. Cordierite is formed according to the following reaction: $${\text{Chlorite + muscovite + quartz}} \rightleftharpoons {\text{cordierite + biotite + Al}}_{\text{2}} {\text{SiO}}_{\text{5}} + {\text{H}}_{\text{2}} {\text{O}}$$ . At low pressures this reaction characterizes the facies boundary between the albite-epidotehornfels facies and the hornblende-hornfels facies, at medium pressures the beginning of the cordierite-amphibolite facies. Experiments were carried out reversibly and gave the following equilibrium data: 505±10°C at 500 bars H₂O pressure, 513±10°C at 1000 bars H₂O pressure, 527±10°C at 2000 bars H₂O pressure, and 557±10°C at 4000 bars H₂O pressure. These equilibrium data are valid for the Fe-rich starting material, using thuringite as the chlorite, as well as for the Mg-rich starting mixture with ripidolite. At 6000 bars the equilibrium temperature for the Mg-rich mixture is 587±10°C. In the Fe-rich mixture almandite was formed instead of cordierite at 6000 bars. The following reaction was observed: $${\text{Thuringite + muscovite + quartz}} \rightleftharpoons {\text{almandite + biotite + Al}}_{\text{2}} {\text{SiO}}_{\text{5}} {\text{ + H}}_{\text{2}} {\text{O}}$$ . Experiments with the Fe-rich mixture, containing Fe²⁺/Fe²⁺+Mg in the ratio 8∶10, yielded three stability fields in a P,T-diagram (Fig.1):

1. Above 600°C/5.25 kb and 700°C/6.5 kb almandite+biotite+Al₂SiO₅ coexist stably, cordierite being unstable.
2. The field, in which almandite, biotite and Al₂SiO₅ are stable together with cordierite, is restricted by two curves, passing through the following points:
   1. 625°C/5.5 kb and 700°C/6.5 kb,
   2. 625°C/5.5 kb and 700°C/4.0 kb.
3. At conditions below curves 1 and 2b, cordierite, biotite, and Al₂SiO₅ are formed, but no garnet.

An appreciable MnO-content in the system lowers the pressures needed for the formation of almandite garnet, but the quantitative influence of the spessartite-component on the formation of almandite could not yet be determined. the Mg-rich system with Fe²⁺/Fe²⁺+Mg=0.4 garnet did not form at pressures up to 7 kb in the temperature range investigated. Experiments at unspecified higher pressures (in a simple squeezer-type apparatus) yielded the reaction: $${\text{Ripidolite + muscovite + quartz}} \rightleftharpoons {\text{almandite + biotite + Al}}_{\text{2}} {\text{SiO}}_{\text{5}} {\text{ + H}}_{\text{2}} {\text{O}}$$ . Further experiments are needed to determine the equilibrium data. The occurence of garnet in metamorphic rocks is discussed in the light of the experimental results.  相似文献   

Anthophyllit und Hornblende in einigen metamorphen Reaktionen     

Asit Choudhuri  Helmut G. F. Winkler 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》1967,14(4):293-315

Reactions which occur at the lower boundary of the hornblende-hornfels facies and in the so-called pyroxene-hornfels facies were experimentally investigated for an ultrabasic rock at 500, 1000 and 2000 bars H₂O pressure.The starting material used was a mixture of natural chlorite, talc, tremolite and quartz such that its composition, except for surplus quartz, corresponded to that of an ultrabasic rock. The atomic ratio Fe²⁺+Fe²⁺/Mg+Fe³⁺+Fe³⁺ in the system was 0.16.The lower boundary of the hornblende-hornfels facies was defined by the formation of the orthorhombic amphibole anthophyllite and hornblende according to the following idealized reaction: chlorite+talc+tremolite+quartz hornblende+anthophyllite+H₂O In effect, this reaction consists of the two bivariant reactions: chlorite+tremolite+quartz hornblende+anthophyllite+H₂O talc+chlorite anthophyllite+quartz+H₂OThe equilibrium temperatures obtained for the two reactions in the given system are practically the same and are as follows: 535±10°C at 500 bars H₂O pressure 550±20°C at 1000 bars H₂O pressure 560±10°C at 2000 bars H₂O pressure 580±10°C at 4000 bars H₂O pressureAt 2000 bars and higher temperatures within the hornblende-hornfels facies, anorthite is formed in addition to hornblende and anthophyllite, probably according to the following reaction: hornblende₁+quartz hornblende₂+anthophyllite+anorthite+H₂O; because of the formation of anorthite it is to be expected that the hornblende in this case is poorer in aluminium than the hornblende at 500 and 1000 bars. Winkler (1967) suggests renaming the pyroxene-hornfels facies as K-feldspar-cordierite-hornfels facies which, in turn, is subdivided into a lower-temperature orthoamphibole subfacies without orthopyroxene and a higher-temperature orthopyroxene subfacies without orthoamphibole. The orthopyroxene subfacies itself may in its lower temperature part still carry hornblende which finally disappears in the higher temperature part.The appearance of orthopyroxene characterizes the transition from the orthoamphibole to the orthopyroxene subfacies of the K-feldspar-cordierite hornfels facies. The following reaction takes place at pressures lower than 2000 bars: hornblende₁+anthophyllite hornblende₂+enstatite+anorthite+H₂OSince at 2000 bars an Al-poor hornblende already exists in the hornblende-hornfels facies, it is very likely that here only anthophyllite breaks down to give enstatite+quartz+H₂O.The equilibrium temperatures for these reactions which give rise to enstatite are: 650±10°C at 250 bars H₂O pressure 690±10°C at 500 bars H₂O pressure 715±10°C at 1000 bars H₂O pressure 770±10°C at 2000 bars H₂O pressureOnly after an increase in temperature to about 710°C at 500 bars and about 770°C at 1000 bars does hornblende in the system investigated here break down completely according to the reaction: hornblende = enstatite+anorthite+diopside+H₂OExcept at very small H₂O-pressures (see Fig. 3), there exists, therefore, a region within the orthopyroxene subfacies where hornblende, enstatite and anorthite coexist. As a result we have, as mentioned above, a lower-temperature and a higher-temperature part of the orthopyroxene subfacies, and it is only in the latter part that the parageneses correspond to the pyroxene-hornfels facies as stated by Eskola (1939).Summing up, the starting material consisting of chlorite, talc, tremolite plus quartz remains unchanged in the albite-epidote-hornfels facies; this gives rise in the hornblende-hornfels facies to the paragenesis hornblende+anthophyllite, or — at higher pressures — to hornblende+anthophyllite+anorthite. For the particular composition of the starting material, however, no reactions take place at the transition of the hornblende-hornfels facies to the orthoamphibole subfacies of the K-feldspar-cordierite-hornfels facies as this transition is typified by the breakdown of muscovite in the presence of quartz. However, at the end of the orthoamphibole subfacies the breakdown of anthophyllite, by which orthopyroxene is formed, heralds the onset of the orthopyroxene subfacies. In this subfacies — at greater than about 300 bars — hornblende is still present and coexists with enstatite and anorthite, but with rising temperature hornblende breaks down to give way to the paragenesis enstatite+anorthite+diopside. The experimentally determined parageneses confirm known petrographic occurrences.

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Für die Förderung dieser Arbeit danken wir der Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft vielmals. Der Dank von Choudhuri gilt dem Akademischen Auslandsamt der Universität Göttingen für ein Stipendium, das ihm den Abschluß seiner Studien an der Universität Göttingen ermöglichte.  相似文献   

Petrochemische und nomenklatorische Revision der Vulkanite des süd-ägäischen Raumes (Griechenland)     

Dr. Hans Pichler  Rudolf Stengelin 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》1968,57(3):795-810

Zusammenfassung Alle einwandfreien Gesteinsanalysen der jungen Vulkanite des süd-ägäischen Raumes (insgesamt 181) wurden nach der von A.Rittmann neu entwickelten Berechnungsmethode (Rittmann-AMS) auf ihren quantitativen Mineralbestand berechnet und ausgewertet. Dabei zeigte sich, daß ein Großteil dieser Vulkanite falsch benannt ist. Der Anteil der Andesite ist wesentlich geringer als bisher angenommen. Ebenso sind keine Basalte vertreten. Der Schwerpunkt der Gesteine fällt in das Latitandesitfeld, wobei besonders stark quarzführende Typen dominieren. Ein Teil der alkalirhyolithischen bis latitandesitischen Vulkanite weist einen teilweise beträchtlichen AI-Überschuß auf, der sich im Auftreten von (errechnetem) Cordierit ausdrückt. Die Entstehung der Magmen des untersuchten Gebietes wird durch Anatexis von sialischem Material verschiedener Zusammensetzung erklärt. Dies wird durch AI-Überschuß, den ausgeprägt pazifischen Charakter, das Auftreten von exogenem Quarz und weitere Indizien gestützt. Die lokal vertretenen Vulkanite mit schwacher atlantischer und mediterraner Tendenz werden durch mäßige und lokale pneumatolytische Differentiation (Alkalizufuhr) der sialisch-anatektischen Magmen gedeutet.

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With a new calculation-method for volcanic rocks, recently developed by A.Rittmann (Rittmann-AMS), all available chemical analyses of the young volcanics of the south-aegean Sea (altogether 181) have been calculated. The evaluation proved a wrong denomination for the bulk of these volcanic rocks. More than 50% of the so-called andesites are latitandesites and dacites (nomenclatureStreckeisen, 1965). Likewise no basalts are existing in this area. The latitandesites are mostly quartz-bearing types (on an average between 10 and 15% of free quartz). Many of the alkalirhyolitic to dacitic rocks and some of the latitandesites show a considerable excess of A1₂O₃, which appears in the calculation as cordierite (up to7%). The acid volcanics are explained to have been originated by fusion of sialic material of granitic to granodioritic composition of the upper parts of the crust. The latitandesites and andesites are supposed to be derived by melting of degranitizised sialic material of lower parts of the crust. Characteristics for the sialic origin are: excess of A1₂O₃, the presence of exogenous quartz-relics, the strong calcalcaline serial index and others. In the south-aegean area locally appear volcanics with a weak atlantic or mediterranean serial character. This fact is interpreted by moderate pneumatolytic differentiation (gaseous transfer) of the sialic-anatectic magmas.

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Résumé Toutes les analyses chimiques des jeunes roches volcaniques dans la région de la mer Egée sud (en somme 181) ont été calculées et évaluées à l'aide de la nouvelle méthode de A.Rittmann (Rittmann-AMS). Alors on a constaté qu'un grand nombre des roches volcaniques avait été qualifié incorrectement. Plus de 50 pour cent des « andesites » sont latitandesites et dacites. Il n'y a pas de basaltes. La plupart des latitandesites contiennent du quartz. Beaucoup de roches alcalirhyolitiques à latitandesitiques montrent un excès considérable de Al, ce qui apparaît dans la calculation comme cordierite. On explique la formation des magmas par la fusion de différents matériels sialiques. Quelques indices soutiennent cette théorie: l'excès de Al, le caractère typiquement pacifique, la présence de quartz exogène. La présence de roches volcaniques à caractère faiblement atlantique et méditerranéen est expliquée par la différenciation pneumatolytique modérée des magmas sialiques anatectiques.

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Herrn Professor Dr. Dr. A.Rittmann zum 75. Geburtstag gewidmet  相似文献   

Eine neue Interpretation der vertikal integrierten Bewegungsgleichungen     

Prof. Dr. Helmut Pichler 《Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics》1970,19(1):311-316

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Untersuchungen über die Bildung von Analcim aus natürlichen Silikaten     

Helmut Höller 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》1970,27(1):80-94

Zusammenfassung Im Temperaturbereich zwischen 100–180° C wurde experimentell die Umwandlung einiger natürlicher Silikate und silikatischer Gesteine in Analcim untersucht. Der Analcim bildete sich im alkalischen Milieu nach Abbau der einzelnen Ausgangssubstanzen direkt und ohne das Auftreten irgendeiner Zwischenphase. Die Entstehung des Analcims zeigte sich dabei abhängig von der Art und der Konzentration der einwirkenden Lösungen, von der Temperatur und von den Ausgangssubstanzen. Bei geringeren Konzentrationen der Lösungen war die Reaktion bedeutend langsamer als bei größeren. Der Analcim bildete sich nur in einem bestimmten Konzentrationsbereich der alkalischen Lösungen, wobei dieser für die einzelnen Substanzen unterschiedlich war. In Abhängigkeit von der Ausgangssubstanz entstanden bei geringeren Alkalikonzentrationen an Stelle des Analcims Zeolithe und bei größeren Alkallkonzentrationen SiO₂-Mineralien.

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Investigations on the formation of analcite from natural silicates

The transformation of some natural silicates and silicatic rocks into analcite was experimentally investigated over a temperature range of 100° C to 180° C. Analcite was directly formed in alkaline surroundings after reduction of the various starting substances without any intermediate phases. The formation of analcite depended on the kind and concentration of the reacting solutions, on the temperature and on the starting substance. At lower concentrations of the solutions the reaction was considerably slower than at higher ones. Analcite was formed only within a certain concentration range of the alkaline solutions, this range being different for the different substances. Depending on the starting substance, zeolites were formed at lower alkali concentrations. At higher alkali concentrations SiO₂ minerals were formed.

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Herrn Prof. Dr. H. Heritsch danke ich für sein dauerndes Interesse an dieser Arbeit, für Ratschläge und kritische Bemerkungen sowie für die Zurverfügungstellung der Mittel des Institutes für Mineralogie und Petrographie der Universität Graz.

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Herrn Prof. Dr. C. W. Correns möchte ich auch an dieser Stelle für die Möglichkeit, die experimentelle Technik in Göttingen kennenzulernen, meinen Dank sagen.  相似文献   

Shock effects in MgAl2O4-spinel     

Helmut Schäfer  Wolfgang Friedrich Müller  Ulrich Hornemann 《Physics and Chemistry of Minerals》1983,9(6):248-252

Shock recovery experiments on synthetic MgAl₂O₄-spinel samples in the pressure range 25.5 to 50.5 GPa have been performed in order to examine the effects of shock waves on this material. The shocked samples were subsequently studied in the transmission electron microscope. All samples showed shock-induced dislocations with the Burgers vector 1/2 〈110〉 and twin lamellae of the twin-law {111}. In addition, samples, which had experienced the higher pressures, showed lamellar areas of a crystalline phase that we have not yet been able fully to characterize. It is probably not ε-MgAl₂O₄.  相似文献   

Zur Frage der Vergenzen in den Katalonischen Küstenketten     

Dr. Helmut Ruppert 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》1983,72(3):911-934

The problem of simultaneously created but antagonistically verging structures is treated. Starting-point are the Catalan Coast Ranges (Ne-Spain), especially their southern part which comprises the Maestrazgo an the Lower Aragon Ranges. That region is bounded, which, what concerns the tertiary tectonics, acted as a unit. In the so bounded area the inland verging structures are attributed to gravity tectonics. The reasons are:

1. the perpendicular to the tectonical direction convex arcform of the axis, parallel to the lines of force of a pressing unit.
2. the transition against the verging structure from strongest pressure to strain across a region of normal layering.
3. the stratigraphical sequence: it exists an alternation of competent (lime-, sand-stones) and incompetent (sands, clays, marls) sediments.

What we have in the Maestrazgo is not a single gliding unit, but an in itself glided mass. Everywhere where the competent layers lie upon incompetent strata happened a horizontal equalization of the concerned forces (Faziestektonik, selektive Tektonik). And this alernation is the very typical of the stratigraphy in the Maestrazgo. In some final remarks the position of the Catalan Coast Ranges in the Mediterranean Orogeny is discussed.  相似文献   

Strengthening of moment‐resisting frame structures against near‐fault ground motion effects     

Babak Alavi  Helmut Krawinkler 《地震工程与结构动力学》2004,33(6):707-722

Near‐fault ground motions with forward directivity are characterized by a large pulse. This pulse‐like motion may cause a highly non‐uniform distribution of story ductility demands for code‐compliant frame structures, with maximum demands that may considerably exceed the level of code expectations. Strengthening techniques for multi‐story frame structures are explored with the objective of reducing maximum drift demands. One option is to modify the code‐based SRSS distribution of story shear strength over the height by strengthening of the lower stories of the frame. The modified distribution reduces the maximum story ductility demand, particularly for weak and flexible structures. However, this strengthening technique is less effective for stiff structures, and is almost ineffective in cases in which the maximum demand occurs in the upper stories, i.e. strong and flexible structures. As an alternative, the benefits of strengthening frames with elastic and inelastic walls are evaluated. The effects of adding walls that are either fixed or hinged at the base are investigated. It is demonstrated that strengthening with hinged walls is very effective in reducing drift demands for structures with a wide range of periods and at various performance levels. Wall inelastic behavior only slightly reduces the benefits of strengthening with hinged walls.Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Developmental,Reproductive, and Demographic Alterations in Aquatic Wildlife: Establishing Causality between Exposure to Endocrine‐active Compounds (EACs) and Effects     

Helmut Segner 《洁净——土壤、空气、水》2005,33(1):17-26

This brief overview discusses the difficulty of demonstrating causal associations between exposure to endocrine active compounds (EACs) and the occurrence of developmental, reproductive, or demographic disturbances in aquatic wildlife. While for biological responses at the suborganism level correlational or causal evidence of an EAC etiology has been established in a number of cases, well proven examples of ecological consequences of endocrine disruption are rather few in number. The attribution of causality is complicated due to (i) lack of data on EAC exposure and bioaccumulation, (ii) lack of specific biomarkers and endpoints, together with insufficient knowledge on the mechanisms and conditions by which EAC‐induced disruption of endocrine functions translates into impaired organism development and reproduction, and (iii) insufficient understanding of the importance of species diversity in endocrine physiology and life histories for the consequences of endocrine disruption. Future research should address these gaps in our understanding of EAC exposure and effects, but additionally needs to pay more attention (i) to ecological determinants influencing the population‐level consequences of the endocrine disruption of developÍmental and reproductive functions, and (ii) to the use of epidemiological principles and approaches.  相似文献   

Altered carbon cycling and trace-metal enrichment during the late Valanginian and early Hauterivian   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Oliver Kuhn  Helmut Weissert  Karl B. F?llmi  Susanne Hennig 《Eclogae Geologicae Helvetiae》2005,98(3):333-344

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