Verfahren zur Auswertung von Untertage-Seismogrammen     

Dr. Helmut Linsser 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》1955,30(1):33-67

Zusammenfassung In den letzten Jahren wurden in den Erzgruben des Siegerlandes reflexionsseismische Messungen untertage ausgeführt. Für die Auswertung der hierbei erhaltenen Seismogramme sind besondere Verfahren erforderlich, die in der vorliegenden Arbeit entwickelt werden.Im ersten Teil werden die auftretenden geometrischen Probleme behandelt. Es wird gezeigt, daß man bei der Auswertung von Untertage-Seismogrammen zweckmäßigerweise jeden Reflexionseinsatz einzeln auswertet. Man erhält auf diese Weise eine Schar von Ellipsen, deren Häufungszone die Lage der reflektierenden Fläche erkennen lässt. Eine Möglickeit zur Berücksichtigung des Einfallwinkels wird durch geometrische Betrachtungen gefunden.Im zweiten Teil wird die Lage der Reflexionsebene durch rechnerische Methoden festgelegt. Zunächst wird dargelegt, daß hierzu die Korrelationsrechnung angewandt werden kann. Es ergeben sich jedoch einige Nachteile bei der praktischen Anwendung des Verfahrens.So wird die Aufgabe schließlich mit Hilfe der Fehlerrechnung gelöst. Hier kommt es darauf an, durch geeignete Näherungsformeln den Arbeitsaufwand auf ein erträgliches Maß zu bringen. Das erhaltene Ergebnis führt zu einer Festlegung von Lage und Streichrichtung der reflektierenden Fläche und liefert dabei eine Angabe über die Genauigkeit des erzielten Resultates. Schließlich wird angedeutet, wie man das statistische Verhalten der einzelnen Meßwerte untersuchen kann.

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Summary During the last years reflection-seismic measurements have been carried out in the ore mines of Siegerland. The special methods required for the interpretation of the seismograms obtained in this work are developed in the present paper.The first part deals with geometric problems arising. It is shown that in the interpretation of subsurface-seismograms each reflection event purposely is to be treated individually. In this way a family of ellipsoids is obtained whose zone of aggregation allows to recognize the position of the reflecting surface. A possibility of taking into account the angle of dip is found by geometrical considerations.In the second part the position of the reflecting surface is ascertained by arithmetical methods. At first, it is shown that correlation arithmetic may be adopted to this purpose. In employing this method practically some disadvantage will, however, be involved.Finally, for the solution of the problem the law of least squares is adopted. In doing so the question arises how to reduce the bulk of work to a reasonable amount by means of approximation formulas. The results thus obtained make it possible to determine the position and strike of the reflecting surface and yield data concerning the accuracy of the results obtained. Then, it is indicated how the statistical behaviour of the individual measurements can be analyzed.

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Gekürzte Fassung einer Dissertation, Bergakademie Clausthal 1954 (Berichterstatter Professor Dr.Karl Jung).  相似文献   

Aromatic components of coal: relation of distribution pattern to rank     

Matthias Radke  Helmut Willsch  Detlev Leythaeuser  Marlies Teichmüller 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》1982,46(10):1831-1848

Aromatic distribution patterns have been evaluated for a series of twenty-four German high volatile bituminous B to low volatile bituminous coals of Upper Carboniferous Westphalian C-, B- and A-ages using high performance liquid chromatography and glass capillary gas chromatography. The study concentrates on dicyclic and tricyclic aromatic hydrocarbons most of which have been identified by combined gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The distribution patterns of the methylhomologs of naphthalene and phenanthrene are strongly controlled by rank. A sudden increase of individual isomer ratios at 0.9% Rm coincides with an abrupt shift of the sporinite fluorescence colour from yellow towards red. A recently developed aromatics-derived maturity parameter, the Methylphenanthrene Index (MPI), correlated well with the vitrinite reflectance data over the whole rank range. Deviations have been attributed to variations of maceral composition or migration phenomena. The influence of artificial thermal alteration (350 and 400dgC) on the aromatic distribution pattern of coal is described.  相似文献   

Stochastic aspects in combined Doppler and triangulation nets     

Helmut Wolf 《Journal of Geodesy》1982,56(1):63-69

Summary The “true” geocentric position of any terrestrial triangulation can be reached to a certain degree of approximation only. Every claimed “geocentric” terrestrial system, therefore, must be capable of undergoing some minor shifts and minor rotations. In a two dimensional solution which provides the best combination of the two systems in question, three degrees of freedom are open and must be filled by corresponding statements or conditions. But the parameters so obtained are of relative value only. Thus, every two-dimensional solution must be followed by a three-dimensional solution in order to obtain the best external parameters and the best internal consistency. This sequential processing is legitimate because an alteration of the values of the external parameters no longer changes the inner shape of the combined network. All decisions made about the model have the character of hypotheses and must be tested statistically.  相似文献   

A variational principle for Moledensky’s liquid-core problem     

Helmut Moritz 《Journal of Geodesy》1982,56(4):364-380

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Two Tephra Layers Bracketing Late Holocene Paleoecological Changes in Northern Germany     

Christel van den Bogaard  Walter Drfler  Rainer Glos  Marie-Jose Nadeau  Pieter M. Grootes  Helmut Erlenkeuser 《Quaternary Research》2002,57(3):314

Paleoecological records from two Holocene peat bogs in northern Germany are linked by two microscopic volcanic ash layers, correlated by petrology and geochemistry to explosive volcanism on Iceland. The younger “Microlite tephra” cannot be correlated to any known eruption, while the older tephra layer is identified as a deposit of the Hekla 3 eruption. The tephra layers are dated by an age–depth regression of accelerator mass spectrometry ¹⁴C ages that have been calibrated and combined in probability distributions. This procedure gives an age of 730–664 cal yr B.C. for the “Microlite tephra” event and 1087–1006 cal yr B.C. for the Hekla 3 event. Accordingly, the tephra layers were deposited during the late Bronze Age. At this time, human settlement slowly increased pressure on the environment, as indicated by changes in woodland pollen composition at the two bogs. The tephra-marker horizons further show that the palynologically defined transition from the Subboreal to the Subatlantic Period is synchronous in the investigated area. However, the macroscopic visible marker in peat, the change from fibrous to sapric peat, the “Schwarztorf-Weißtorf-Kontakt,” is asynchronous. Bog vegetation did not immediately react in unison to a climatic change at this pollen zone boundary; instead, the timing of vegetation change depended on the location within the bog.  相似文献   

CATCHMENT-WIDE ANALYSIS OF THE SEDIMENT REGIME WITH RESPECT TO RESERVOIR SEDIMENTATION     

Helmut M. HABERSACK  Konrad BOGNER  Josef SCHNEIDER  Michael BRAUNER Department of Water Management  Hydrology  Hydraulic Engineering  University of Agricultural Sciences Vienna  Muthgasse  Vienna  Austria. Department of Forest and 《国际泥沙研究》2001,16(2)

1 INTRODUCTIONIn Anstria reservoirs are frequentiy multi-purpose schemes, being used for power generation, floodprotechon and for wate suPPly downstream. These reservoirs have some adVerse imPaCts on theenvironment around the reservoir and also on the dOwnstream pat:. in rivers with mean annual discharge above 30 m3ls about 36 % of the total length of l884 lQn isimpounded, and only 35% remains as free flowing sections (Muhar, l992),. flooding has been, and continues to be, a serious pr…  相似文献   

Hydrometric and hydrochemicai evidence for fast flowpaths at La Cuenca, Western Amazonia     

Helmut Elsenbeer  Andreas Lack 《Journal of Hydrology》1996,180(1-4):237-250

A hydrological reconnaissance study in a first-order tropical rainforest catchment in western Amazonia implicated overland flow as an important hydrological pathway. A complementary hydrometric and hydrochemical approach that involved the recording of overland flow hydrographs and the determination of streamflow, overland flow, groundwater, soil water, and throughfall chemical signatures, was essential to establish unambiguously the importance of this pathway. Largely uncontrolled by topography, overland flow does occur in any season, regardless of antecedent moisture conditions, which only influence the volumes generated. The latter effect is also reflected in a close approximation of stormflow and overland flow chemical signatures, as expressed in the K/SiO ratio. We conclude that, despite its greater logistical demands, a complementary hydrometric/hydrochemical approach is essential to understand a catchment's hydrological behaviour, especially where fast pathways are at work; such pathways are apparently common in more forest ecosystems than has been previously assumed.  相似文献