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91.
Oceanic Velocity Microstructure Measurements in the 20th Century 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
The science of ocean turbulence was started more than 50 years ago by a small research group using a surplus mine-sweeping
paravane to measure the velocity and temperature fluctuations in the ocean. The field has grown considerably and measurements
are now conducted by researchers in many countries. A wide variety of sophisticated instrument systems are used to profile
horizontally and vertically through the marine environment. Here we review the historical development of velocity micro-structure
profiles over the past four decades and summarize the basic requirements for successful measurements. We highlight critical
technological developments and glance briefly at some of the scientific discoveries made with these instruments.
This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
92.
The interaction of chromium (III) with humic substances obtained from pond sediment was experimentally studied using electrophoresis combined with ultrafiltration. The results show that within the neutral pH range chromium (III) in the presence of humic substances and some organic acids forms uncharged and/or negatively charged organic complexes of various molecular weights. A part of the chromium(III)-humic or -fulvic acid complexes having a negative charge was of lower molecular weight. Chromium (III) spiked in fresh water exists as various soluble anionic and/or uncharged species, and the molecular weights of these anionic complexes correspond to those of chromium(III)-humic and -fulvic complexes. These complexes may remain as stable dissolved forms for 10 days. The significance of the occurrence of chromium(III)-organic complexes in natural water in the geochemical cycle of chromium in the hydrosphere is discussed. 相似文献
93.
In the early morning of September 6th, 2018, an intense earthquake struck Hokkaido Iburi-Tobu area. By this earthquake, many landslides occurred and claimed 36 lives. The landslide numbers reached 6,000 and mostly they are shallow landslides moving down of the air-fall pumice layer from Tarumai volcano which erupted ca. 9,000 years ago. However, southeast of the area, deep-seated landslides of dip-slipping type are also found. 相似文献
94.
Wood Nathan Jones Jeanne M. Yamazaki Yoshiki Cheung Kwok-Fai Brown Jacinta Jones Jamie L. Abdollahian Nina 《Natural Hazards》2019,95(3):505-528
Natural Hazards - Population vulnerability from tsunamis is a function of the number and location of individuals in hazard zones and their ability to reach safety before wave arrival. Previous... 相似文献
95.
Yoshihisa Maruyama Fumio Yamazaki Kiku Mizuno Yoshiyuki Tsuchiya Hiroyuki Yogai 《Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering》2010
The seismometer network of the Japanese expressway system was enhanced following the 1995 Kobe earthquake. Based on earthquake information from the instruments of the seismometer network, a traffic control is performed directly after the event because of the potential for damage to expressway structures. Expressways serve as vital trunk lines of transportation and are important for the restoration of damage-stricken areas. Therefore, earthquake-induced damage to expressway structures should be estimated as soon as possible. Expressway embankments were seriously damaged during recent earthquakes, such as the 2004 Niigata Chuetsu earthquake. The present study constructs the fragility curves of expressway embankments in Japan in order to estimate the damage distribution immediately after an earthquake. Damage datasets for expressways are compiled for the 2003 Northern-Miyagi earthquake, the 2003 Tokachi-oki earthquake, the 2004 Niigata Chuetsu earthquake, and the 2007 Niigata Chuetsu-oki earthquake. The spatial distributions of the peak ground velocity (PGV) are estimated for these four earthquakes in order to evaluate the relationship between the damage ratio of expressway embankments and the PGV. Statistical analysis is then conducted in order to draw the fragility curves for expressway embankments. Based on the fragility curves, major damage that disrupts ordinary expressway traffic may occur when the peak ground velocity exceeds approximately 35.0 cm/s. The fragility curves constructed in the present study are helpful for predicting the damage distribution on expressways soon after an earthquake, which enables efficient traffic control and rapid disaster response. 相似文献
96.
F Yamazaki K Wakamatsu J Onishi K.T Shabestari 《Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering》2000,19(1):280
The relationship between the amplification ratio of earthquake ground motion and geologic conditions at Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) stations nationwide was examined to propose an estimation method of the amplification ratio that is applicable to entire Japan. The amplification ratios for the instrumental JMA intensity, as well as for the peak ground acceleration and velocity, were obtained from the station coefficients of the attenuation relationships using strong motion records measured at 77 JMA stations over a period of more than 8 years. A combined use of geomorphological land classification and subsurface geology was found to yield the best estimate of the site amplification ratio. This result suggests that these data, and hence the Digital National Land Information, which is a nationwide GIS database, may be conveniently used for the estimation of strong motion distribution over large areas in Japan. 相似文献
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An integrated model simulating the initiation and motion of earthquake and rain induced rapid landslides and its application to the 2006 Leyte landslide 总被引:10,自引:7,他引:3
Kyoji?SassaEmail author Osamu?Nagai Renato?Solidum Yoichi?Yamazaki Hidemasa?Ohta 《Landslides》2010,7(3):219-236
A gigantic rapid landslide claiming over 1,000 fatalities was triggered by rainfalls and a small nearby earthquake in the
Leyte Island, Philippines in 2006. The disaster presented the necessity of a new modeling technology for disaster risk preparedness
which simulates initiation and motion. This paper presents a new computer simulation integrating the initiation process triggered
by rainfalls and/or earthquakes and the development process to a rapid motion due to strength reduction and the entrainment
of deposits in the runout path. This simulation model LS-RAPID was developed from the geotechnical model for the motion of landslides (Sassa 1988) and its improved simulation model (Sassa et al. 2004b) and new knowledge obtained from a new dynamic loading ring shear apparatus (Sassa et al. 2004a). The examination of performance of each process in a simple imaginary slope addressed that the simulation model well simulated
the process of progressive failure, and development to a rapid landslide. The initiation process was compared to conventional
limit equilibrium stability analyses by changing pore pressure ratio. The simulation model started to move in a smaller pore
pressure ratio than the limit equilibrium stability analyses because of progressive failure. However, when a larger shear
deformation is set as the threshold for the start of strength reduction, the onset of landslide motion by the simulation agrees
with the cases where the factor of safety estimated by the limit equilibrium stability analyses equals to a unity. The field
investigation and the undrained dynamic loading ring shear tests on the 2006 Leyte landslide suggested that this landslide
was triggered by the combined effect of pore water pressure due to rains and a very small earthquake. The application of this
simulation model could well reproduce the initiation and the rapid long runout motion of the Leyte landslide. 相似文献