海洋鱼类仔鱼在早期发育和饥饿期的巡游速度   总被引：29，自引：3，他引：29  

殷名称  J.H.S.Blaxter 《海洋与湖沼》1989,20(1):1-9

本文运用红外光源和录象系统首次对大西洋鲱(Clupea harengus L.)的两个地理种群:苏格兰西海岸和波罗的海鲱、大西洋鳕(Gadus morhua L.)和欧洲江鲽(Platichthyslesus L.)由人工授精来源的卵黄囊期仔鱼以及苏格兰西海岸鲱的较大仔鱼(36和60日龄)在早期发育和饥饿期的巡游速度作了测定。仔鱼巡游模式的发育和完善符合种的发育和生长过程。卵黄囊期仔鱼在卵黄囊耗尽前后仍不能建立外源性摄食,或较大仔鱼在停食后,其巡游速度都有增快的倾向,一般均在抵达“不可逆点”(PNR,即the point-of-no-return)前两天左右达到高峰值。所记录到的平均[一次游泳过程或1000毫秒(ms)间期]和最大(20 ms间期)巡游速度的高峰值分别为1.1—1.2和2.3—3.4BL/s(体长/秒,鲱),1.7和5.7BL/s(鳕)以及1.6和4.1BL/s(江鲽)。此外,本文还对饥饿仔鱼的巡游速度和摄食生态的相互关系作了初步探讨。  相似文献   

荧光法遥感海面叶绿素浓度的波段选择研究   总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8  

潘德炉  J.F.G.Gower  林寿仁 《海洋与湖沼》1989,20(6):564-570

本文从荧光波段范围内的大气效应出发,提出了可能应用于荧光法遥感海面叶绿素浓度的波段。并且用同一高度的航空遥感资料建立了荧光线高度值随波段中心位置和带宽变化的定量线性模式。其次,通过对不同度的航空遥感资料分析,提出了最佳波段选择的判别式。最后得到了两组最佳波段,基本上能满足遥感海面叶绿素α(文中简称叶绿素浓度)的使用要求。  相似文献   

墨西哥湾气体水合物微生物群落结构特征：DNA与RNA源的克隆文库比较分析     

Heath  J.  Mills  Robert  J.  Martinez  Sandra  Story  Patricia  A.  Sobecky  周洋 《海洋地质》2007,(2):10-27

为了更好的了解微生物活动在墨西哥湾水合物生态系统中的作用和贡献，我们对固态气水合物中的微生物，尤其在原位水合物环境下生理上比较活跃的微生物组合特征进行了研究。本次研究首先从含沉积物水合物层（SEH）和水合物层内部（IH）提取RNA和DNA，然后对RNA和DNA源的16SrRNA克隆文库进行系统发育学分析，从而确定细菌和古菌的群落组成。克隆分析所用的水合物样品是由水下载入深潜器上的Johnson Sea Link水合物取样器在墨西哥湾北部大陆坡一个有明显水合物活动特征的裸露的隆丘上获得的（水深：550m）。较早时的地球化学分析表明，微生物群落在SHE层中的新陈代谢能力要比在珊层中的新陈代谢能力强（B．N．Orcutt，A．Boetius，S．K．Lugo，I．R．Macdonald，V．A．Samarkin，and S．Joye，Chem．Geol．205：239—251）。RNA和DNA源的克隆文库系统发育学分析表明，SHE层的克隆文库的多样性要比在珊层中的大。从微生物群落新陈代谢活动部分所获得的克隆大多数与推测的硫酸盐还原细菌和厌氧氧化甲烷古菌密切相关。在RNA和DNA源的克隆文库中也发现一些先前未经人工隔离培养的新的细菌和古菌种群。本次研究是首次对赋存在墨西哥湾水合物丘的SHE层和珊层微生物群落新陈代谢活动进行分子系统发育学分析。  相似文献   

Alteration of the biochemical properties of female gonads and vitellins in the clam Mya arenaria at contaminated sites in the Saguenay Fjord     

Gagné F  Blaise C  Pellerin J  Gauthier-Clerc S 《Marine environmental research》2002,53(3):295-310

Vitellins (Vn) are the major egg yolk proteins that constitute an important energy reserve for mollusc embryos. The purpose of the present study was to examine whether the relative levels of sugars, lipids, phosphates, and labile IIb metals and calcium normally associated with Vn would differ in clam populations living at contaminated sites. Softshell clams (Mya arenaria) were collected at three sites in the area of the Saguenay Fjord: a marina, a municipal sewer outfall zone, and a reference site. The condition factor (weight:length ratio), metallothionein-like proteins, cytochrome P450 1A1 activity and DNA damage were all determined in the clam's digestive gland. Levels of total sugars, lipids, alkali-labile phosphates, proteins, and labile zinc and calcium were determined in female gonad homogenates and in purified Vn. The results show that clam gonads at the contaminated site by a marina displayed a lower index of gonad activity than the reference site. In addition, the condition factor was significantly lower at the marina site as compared to the reference site, with a concomitant increase in DNA damage and metallothionein (MT) induction. In fact, the condition factor was significantly correlated with DNA damage (R = -0.413, P = 0.045) and MT levels (R = -0.622, P = 0.03). Homogenates of female gonads were found to contain higher levels of labile IIb metals and calcium, with lower lipid content at the marina site compared to the reference site, and much higher levels of alkali-labile phosphates (ALP) and calcium at the municipal outfall site. Vn from the marina site were significantly higher in labile IIb metals but lipid content appeared to be somewhat lower than at the reference site. Vn from the municipal site were found to be highly phosphorylated, with higher levels of lipids and calcium. These results suggest that the chemical composition of the gonads and Vn are altered in contaminated sites.  相似文献   

A Bayesian Network Approach for Offshore Risk Analysis Through Linguistic Variables   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Ren J. Wang J. Jenkinson I. Xu D. L. Yang J. B. 《中国海洋工程》2007,21(3):371-388

This paper presents a new approach for offshore risk analysis that is capable of dealing with linguistic probabilities in Bayesian networks(BNs).In this paper,linguistic probabilities are used to describe occurrence likelihood of hazardous events that may cause possible accidents in offshore operations.In order to use fuzzy information,an f-weighted valuation function is proposed to transform linguistic judgements into crisp probability distributions which can be easily put into a BN to model causal relationships among risk factors.The use of linguistic variables makes it easier for human experts to express their knowledge,and the transformation of linguistic judgements into crisp probabilities can significantly save the cost of computation,modifying and maintaining a BN model.The flexibility of the method allows for multiple forms of information to be used to quantify model relationships,including formally assessed expert opinion when quantitative data are lacking,or when only qualitative or vague statements can be made.The model is a modular representation of uncertain knowledge caused due to randomness,vagueness and ignorance.This makes the risk analysis of offshore engineering systems more functional and easier in many assessment contexts.Specifically,the proposed f-weighted valuation function takes into account not only the dominating values,but also the α-level values that are ignored by conventional valuation methods.A case study of the collision risk between a Floating Production,Storage and Off-loading(FPSO) unit and the authorised vessels due to human elements during operation is used to illustrate the application of the proposed model.  相似文献   

全新世早期以色列北部海岸沉积物扩散:地质与考古证据     

D．J．Stanley  蓝先洪 《海洋地质前沿》1997,(2)

最近在地中海东南面，以色列北部的阿特利特（Atlit）半岛外海约300m的内陆架水深8－12m处发现了较大的前史村落——阿特利特·亚姆（Atlit·Yam）。这个由面积超过60000m‘各种保存较好建筑物和寓所残痕组成的村落，依据丰富的各种各样的制造物，被认为建于前PotteryNeolithic晚期．考古勘测表明，村落经济较为复杂，包括通过农业、畜牧、打猎和捕鱼等获得各种食物来源．在阿特利特·亚姆，最惊人的发现是一口水井，水井顶部目前淹没在水深10m处。Galili和Nir（1993曾详细描述过这口水井，其直径为15m，深度为52m，其中大约3．8m为更新…  相似文献   

Microsomal estrogen metabolism in channel catfish     

Butala H  Metzger C  Rimoldi J  Willett KL 《Marine environmental research》2004,58(2-5):489-494

Our goal was to study the involvement of cytochrome P450 genes in estrogen metabolism and the extent to which the potentially carcinogenic 4-hydroxyestradiol metabolite is formed by channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus; CC). Estradiol metabolism and ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) activity were assessed in several tissues from fish collected from three variably contaminated sites in the Mississippi River Delta, from laboratory control fish, and from fish exposed to 20 mg/kg benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) i.p. for 4 days. Liver EROD activity was induced by BaP, but Delta fish EROD activities were not statistically higher than activities in control fish. Gill microsomal EROD activity was also induced by BaP, but activities were 8- to 77-fold lower than those from liver. The predominant estrogen metabolites formed by CC liver, gill and gonad microsomes were 2-hydroxyestradiol and estrone as detected by GC/MS. Liver and gill 2-hydroxyestradiol formation was induced in BaP-dosed fish. The trends in hydroxyestradiol formation in field collected fish were more variable. In all fish liver microsomes there was more 2- compared to 4-hydroxyestradiol formed. However, BaP-treatment increased the 4:2 hydroxyestradiol ratio from 0.04 in control fish to 0.2 in BaP-exposed fish, suggesting that BaP induces the formation of the potentially genotoxic estrogen metabolite. No detectable 4-hydroxyestradiol was produced by gill and gonad microsomes. These results will ultimately help in determining which fish P450 genes are susceptible to environmental contamination and may be involved in estrogen genotoxicity.  相似文献   

重量稀释的和浓缩的标准海水的电导率同盐度和温度的函数关系     

T·M·多菲尼  H·P克莱因  M·J菲力普斯 《海洋技术学报》1982,(3)

在-2℃至35℃的整个海洋温度范围和0至42‰S盐度范围内测量准确已知盐度的海水样品电导率和同温度下标准海水电导率的比值R_(s.t.o)。盐度S<35‰的海水样品是由蒸馏水准确重量稀释标准海水制备的,快速蒸发标准海水制备高盐度海水样品继而重量稀释到已经确定的<35‰S范围。推导出了非常准确地表示1～42‰S和全部温度范围内的S与R_(s.t.o)关系式,即 S=f_1(R_(s.t.o)) f_2(R_(s.o,t.)t)=sum from n=0 to 5 a_1R~(a/2) △t/(1 k△t)sum from n=0 to 5 b_nR~(n/2)式中△t=t-15℃,R=R_(s.t.o),只有第一项f_1要求15℃。也确定了温度对标准海水电导率的影响,用t的四次方程非常准确地表示温度t时的电导率的比值的r_(tt)(C_(35.t.o)/C_(35.15.o)),即:(?)_t=sum from n=0 to 4 C_nt~n 这两个方程足以满足常压下所有盐度测量。  相似文献   

Minor constituents in the Martian atmosphere from the ISM/Phobos experiment     

Rosenqvist J  Drossart P  Combes M  Encrenaz T  Lellouch E  Bibring JP  Erard S  Langevin Y  Chassefiere E 《Icarus》1992,98(2):254-270

Global Martian atmospheric results derived from the infrared imaging spectrometer ISM flown aboard the Phobos 2 Soviet spacecraft are presented. Over low altitude regions the expected CO mixing ratio of (8 +/- 3) x 10(-4) is measured. Variations of the 2.35-micrometers feature are inconsistent with this value over the Great Martian Volcanoes. If the 2.35-micrometers band is entirely attributable to carbon monoxide, the CO mixing ratio is typically depleted by a factor of 3 over these high altitude areas. Orography should play a major role in the existence of this CO "hole." If, however, these spectral variations at 2.35 micrometers are due to the surface composition, the fraction of the surface covered by the responsible mineral must smoothly decrease as the surface elevation decreases. This phenomenon implies a strong interaction between the surface and the atmosphere for the Great Martian Volcanoes. Diurnal behavior and latitudinal variations of water vapor are globally consistent with Viking measurements. During the Phobos observations, the water vapor amounts over the bright equatorial regions range around 11 pr-micrometers during the day. These amounts are slightly larger than those inferred from 1976 to 1979. The lack of global dust storms during 1988-1989 could explain the enhancement of H2O in the atmosphere.  相似文献   

The dust distribution within the inner coma of comet P/Halley 1982i: encounter by Giotto's impact detectors     

McDonnell JA  Alexander WM  Burton WM  Bussoletti E  Evans GC  Evans ST  Firth JG  Grard RJ  Green SF  Grun E  Hanner MS  Hughes DW  Igenbergs E  Kissel J  Kuczera H  Lindblad BA  Langevin Y  Mandeville JC  Nappo S  Pankiewicz GS  Perry CH  Schwehm GH  Sekanina Z  Stevenson TJ  Zarnecki JC et AL 《Astronomy and Astrophysics》1987,187(1-2):719-741

Analysis of the data from Giotto's Dust Impact Detection System experiment (DIDSY) is presented. These data represent measurement of the size of dust grains incident on the Giotto dust shield along its trajectory through the coma of comet P/Halley on 1986 March 13/14. First detection occurred at some 287000 km distance from the nucleus on the inbound leg; the majority of the DIDSY subsystems remained operational after closest approach (604 km) yielding the last detection at about 202000 km from the nucleus. In order to improve the data coverage (and especially for the smallest grains, to approximately 10(-19) kg particle mass), data from the PIA instrument has been combined with DIDSY data. Flux profiles are presented for the various mass channels showing, to a first approximation, a 1/R2 flux dependence, where R is the distance of the detection point from the cometary nucleus, although significant differences are noted. Deviations from this dependence are observed, particularly close to the nucleus. From the flux profiles, mass and geometrical area distributions for the dust grains are derived for the trajectory through the coma. Groundbased CCD imaging of the dust continuum in the inner coma at the time of encounter is also used to derive the area of grains intercepted by Giotto. The results are consistent with the area functions derived by Giotto data and the low albedo of the grains deduced from infrared emission. For the close encounter period (-5 min to +5 min), the cumulative mass distribution function has been investigated, initially in 20 second periods; there is strong evidence from the data for a steepening of the index of the mass distribution for masses greater than 10(-13) kg during passage through dust jets which is not within the error limits of statistical uncertainty. The fluences for dust grains along the entire trajectory is calculated; it is found that extrapolation of the spectrum determined at intermediate masses (cumulative mass index alpha = 0.85) is not able to account for the spacecraft deceleration as observed by the Giotto Radio Science Experiment and by ESOC tracking operations. Data at large masses (>10(-8) kg) recently analysed from the DIDSY data set show clear evidence of a decrease in the mass distribution index at these masses within the coma, and it is shown that such a value of the mass index can provide sufficient mass for consistency with the observed deceleration. The total particulate mass output from the nucleus of comet P/Halley at the time of encounter would be dependent on the maximum mass emitted if this change in slope observed in the coma were also applicable to the emission from the nucleus; this matter is discussed in the text. The flux time profiles have been converted through a simple approach to modeling of the particle trajectories to yield an indication of nucleus surface activity. There is indication of an enhancement in flux at t approximately -29 s corresponding to crossing of the dawn terminator, but the flux detected prior to crossing of the dawn terminator is shown to be higher than predicted by simple modelling. Further enhancements corresponding to jet activity are detected around +190 s and +270 s.  相似文献