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91.
Field observations of shoreline conditions at Hyrum Reservoir, Utah, were conducted during the summers of 1991 to 1993. A process of bluff retreat is described for a multiple-layered bluff environment of sand and clay layers. Failure is initiated by wetting and drying of clay sediments, which produces horizontal cracks within bluff material. These cracks appear to penetrate to a depth of approximately 100-150 mm before initiating vertical cracking in the sediments. The vertical cracks are propagated by continued drying of the surface sediment, ultimately leading to failure of the bluff material. The physical dimensions of sediment blocks succumbing to this mechanism range from a few hundred millimetres up to 3 m on a side, with a depth of approximately 100-150 mm. The mechanism described here appears to operate optimally when the supply of subsurface moisture is abundant and nearly continuous throughout the spring and early summer. Reservoir draw-down, large capillary fringe effects in the bluff and periodic wetting from upslope undrained hollows are the dominant moisture controls at this site. Moisture delivery to the face is strongly influenced by anisotropy of saturated hydraulic conductivity in the alternating clay and sand layers and related differences in sediment texture. 相似文献
92.
93.
94.
Jeffrey S. Hanor 《Environmental Geology》1982,4(2):75-85
Interest in artificially recharging selected shallow sands in South Louisiana with fresh water has been stimulated by the
desire to retard contamination of municipal groundwater supplies by brackish water, to retard ground subsidence and decrease
pumping lifts, and to develop emergency subsurface supplies of potable water for communities dependent on surface waters susceptible
to contamination. Results of field experiments, laboratory work, and model calculations demonstrate that ion exchange reactions
involving clays dispersed in aquifer sands can be expected to modify significantly the composition of waters injected into
Gulf Coast sediments. As little as 0.1 weight percent smectite (montmorillonite) can remove, by exchange with absorbed Na,
a significant fraction of the dissolved Ca and Mg present in the injected water. The hardness of the water is thus reduced,
which may be a desirable modification in water quality. Exchange occurs as fast as the fluids can be pumped into or out of
the aquifer, and the water-softening capacity of the aquifer can be restored by allowing sodium-rich native pore waters to
sweep back over the dispersed clays. Each acre of an aquifer 50 feet thick and containing 0.1 wt % smectite could soften half
a million gallons of injected Mississippi River water. Many individual Gulf Coast aquifers underlie tens of thousands of acres,
and their potential softening capacity is thus enormous. Additional exchange processes involving adjacent aquitard shales
presumably will operate over long-term periods.
It is possible that Gulf Coast aquifers will be used at some point in the future as processing plants to treat injected water
to improve its quality for a variety of municipal and industrial purposes. 相似文献
95.
This study considered the rate at which striped bass larvae disintegrate following death as well as the ability of experienced taxonomists to distinguish larvae which were liver or dead on collection from preserved samples. The rate of disintegration was dependent on age (size) of the larvae with pro-larvae being unrecognizable in 8 to 16 h following death (17 to 19°C). Post-larvae decomposed somewhat more slowly, but were unrecognizable as to species after 16 h. Experienced taxonomists were unable to distinguish pro- and post-larvae which had been live or dead prior to preservation. However, the viability of metamorphosed larvae could readily be distinguished. 相似文献
96.
Jeffrey P. Chanton Christopher S. Martens George W. Kipphut 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》1983,47(10):1791-1804
Sediment accumulation rate studies utilizing excess 210Pb and 137Cs were conducted as part of recent investigations of biogeochemical cycling at a single site in Cape Lookout Bight, a rapidly changing coastal basin on the Outer Banks of North Carolina (U.S.A.). Cores three meters in length reveal a depositional history for the bight interior characterized by a gradual transition in texture from coarse-grained to fine-grained material over the period 1946–1979. This transition is controlled by progressive enclosure of the bight by an active northerly migrating recurved spit. The textural gradation is periodically interrupted by layers of well-sorted sand associated with major storm events. Lead-210 data indicate that the upper meter of the sediment has accumulated at a rate of 3.35 to 4.71 g · cm?2 · yr?1 or approximately 8.4 to 11.8 cm · yr?1 (at ø = 0.84). Below 120 cm depth, dilution of clay and silt by low activity sand necessitates correction of the 210Pb profile in order to establish a geochronology. Grain size 210Pb distribution measurements at three depths reveal that the specific activity (dpm · g?1) of clay is 3.2 times that of silt and 24.7 times that of sand. Corrections of bulk sediment excess 210Pb activities based on these measurements lead to dates for textural changes which are consistent with charted changes in basin morphology and major storm events.Sixteen 137Cs measurements between 33–241 cm depth reveal a peak activity at 105–115 cm and indicate a minimum sedimentation rate of approximately 2.7 g · cm?2 · yr?1. 相似文献
97.
Both pyruvic and α-ketobutyric acids are formed during heating experiments with modern Chione shells. These α-keto acids are also present in fossil specimens. These findings provide additional evidence that the dehydration reaction of free serine and threonine or the β-elimination reaction of peptide bound serine and threonine occurred in fossil materials. These experiments suggest that the formation of α-keto acids occurs early in protein diagenesis. A large fraction of the α-keto acids which were formed have been lost either by subsequent reactions or by diffusion out of the shell matrix. 相似文献
98.
A simple, well-constrained simulation of solute increases in a downgradient direction was used in the shallow unconfined aquifer
of eastern Abu Dhabi Emirate (United Arab Emirates). The simulation indicates that the observed exponential increase in solute
concentrations results from a combination of upward transport of solutes from underlying mudstones and evaporites, and groundwater
losses by evaporation. Groundwater recharge and discharge flux in unconfined regional aquifers in arid regions commonly are
difficult to estimate because there are few constraints on the flux of water lost or gained from the system. Total dissolved
solids (TDS) and deuterium isotopes (δ2H) in groundwater are used to constrain estimated fluxes to the shallow aquifer of eastern Abu Dhabi Emirate. Vertical upward
transport of solutes from underlying mudstones and evaporites accounts for solute increases along approximately the first
80 km of the simulated flow path, but a combination of upward solute transport and evaporation is necessary to explain observed
solute concentrations beyond 80 km. Mobilization and transport of solutes in the unsaturated zone by recharging precipitation
is not a significant factor.
Résumé Une simulation simple et bien contrainte de l’augmentation des solutés dans la direction de l’écoulement a été réalisée sur l’aquifère phréatique et libre de l’Est de l’émirat d’Abu Dhabi (émirats Arabes Unis). La simulation indique que l’augmentation observée de solutés, de forme exponentielle, est le produit de la combinaison du transport ascendant de solutés provenant des mudstones et des évaporites sous-jacents, et de l’évaporation des eaux souterraines. La recharge des eaux souterraines et les flux de vidange dans les aquifères régionaux libres des régions arides sont habituellement difficiles à estimer du fait du peu de contraintes agissant sur la perte ou le gain d’eau dans le système. La charge dissoute totale (TDS, en anglais) et les isotopes deutérium (δ2H) des eaux souterraines sont utilisés pour contraindre l’estimation des flux en direction de l’aquifère phréatique de l’Est de l’émirat d’Abu Dhabi. Le transport vertical ascendant des solutés à partir des mudstones et des évaporites fait parti des processus qui concentrent les solutés approximativement le long des 80 premiers kilomètres du trajet des écoulements simulés, mais une combinaison du transport ascendant des solutés et de l’évaporation est nécessaire pour expliquer les concentrations observées en soluté au delà des 80 km. La mobilisation et le transport des solutés par les précipitations efficaces dans la zone non saturée ne représentent pas des facteurs significatifs.
Resumen Se utilizó una simulación simple y muy restringida, de incrementos de soluto en la dirección del flujo, en el acuífero libre poco profundo del Emirato oriental de Abu Dhabi, (Emiratos árabes Unidos). La simulación indica que el aumento exponencial observado en las concentraciones del soluto, resulta de una combinación de transporte ascendente de solutos desde las evaporitas y lodolitas subyacentes, y por pérdidas del agua subterránea por evaporación. Los flujos de recarga y descarga de agua subterránea, en los acuíferos libres regionales en regiones áridas, normalmente son difíciles estimar, porque hay algunas restricciones en el flujo de agua perdido o ganado por el sistema. Los sólidos disueltos totales (TDS) y los isótopos de deuterio (δ2H) en el agua subterránea, se usan para forzar los flujos estimados hacia el acuífero poco profundo del Emirato oriental de Abu Dhabi. El transporte ascendente vertical de solutos desde las lodolitas y evaporitas subyacentes, involucra los aumentos del soluto a lo largo de aproximadamente los primeros 80 Km. de la dirección de flujo simulada, pero es necesaria una combinación de transporte ascendente del soluto y la evaporación para explicar las concentraciones del soluto observadas más allá de 80 Km. La movilización y transporte de solutos en la zona no saturada, por recarga debida a precipitación, no es un factor significante.相似文献
99.
100.
Bolivia is a country with high levels of poverty and inequality among its peoples and regions. For the nation and its urban
and rural areas, trends in the social and spatial distribution of poverty (and extreme poverty) are identified from 1976 to
2003 using UBN data with minor support where appropriate from poverty lines. The main survey between 1992 and 2001 uses composite
and selected UBN to track detailed poverty change for the country’s nine departments, its ten largest cities and a selection
of other smaller urban and rural municipalities. Because of rising background increases in population in the various surveyed
administrative units, many instances of relative reductions in poverty are accompanied by rising absolute increases. Marked
spatial variations in poverty and development in the country over the last several decades are identified as the main driver
for the country’s quickening pace of rural–urban migration. As a result, the paper concludes by assessing two different but
closely related views. One investigation tests the notion that because more poor people have been living in Bolivia’s cities
than in its rural areas since the mid to late 1990s, rapid rural–urban migration has simply shifted the locus of poverty from
the countryside to the cities in a process called, the ‘urbanisation of poverty.’ A second, more challenging, investigation
assesses the view that the flow of poor rural people to the better serviced urban areas of Bolivia has actually acted to alleviate
national poverty levels. 相似文献