Evidence for zonally-trapped propagating waves in the eastern atlantic from satellite sea surface temperature observations     

Otis B. Brown  Robert H. Evans 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》1980,18(2):145-157

It has been hypothesized (Moore et al., 1978; O'Brien et al., 1978), that equatorial upwelling and subsequent coastal upwelling on the eastern boundary of the Atlantic Ocean are the result of eastward propagating equatorially trapped Kelvin waves in the Atlantic. Concurrent satellite and ship sea surface temperature observations taken during the GATE experiment permit validation of the satellite data as well as relating sea surface temperature (SST) variability to the local current dynamics. A method based on cross-correlations and cross-spectra of the SST field at various locations is utilized to test the Kelvin wave hypothesis. Significant periodic variation of time lags in the SST variability in the eastern Atlantic is observed by the spectral techniques. Satellite data for the 1974 summer show periodic variability which fits either eastward or westward propagating waves with 1 m s^-1 phase speed, i.e., SST supports the quasi-continuous presence of Kelvin or Yanai waves. We find no evidence for a seasonally solitary eastward propagating signal in the eastern Atlantic from SST.  相似文献   

Polymerization of silicate and aluminate tetrahedra in glasses,melts, and aqueous solutions—I. Electronic structure of H₆Si₂O₇, H₆AlSiO₇¹⁻, and H₆Al₂O₇²⁻     

B.H.W.S. de Jong  Gordon E. Brown 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》1980,44(3):491-511

As part of a study of the effect of geologically common network modifiers on polymerization in silicate melts, glasses, and silica-rich aqueous solutions, we have studied the energies, electronic structures, and inferred chemical properties of ^IVT-O-^IVT linkages in the tetrahedral dimers H₆,Si₂O₇, H₆AlSiO₇^1?, and H₆Al₂O₇^2? using semi-empirical molecular orbital theory (CNDO/2). Our results indicate that the electron donating character of the bridging oxygen, O(br), linking two tetrahedra increases with increasing T-O(br) bond length but decreases with decreasing T-O(br)-T angles and increasing O-T-O(br) angles. This increase or decrease of the donor character of O(br) coincides with an increase or decrease of the affinity of O(br) for hard acceptors. The calculated electronic structure for the H₆Si₂O₇ molecule is compared with the observed X-ray emission, absorption, and photoelectron spectra of quartz and vitreous silica; the reasonable match between calculated and observed oxygen Kα emission spectra of vitreous silica supports our assertion that non-bonded O(br) electron density energetically at the top of the valence band controls the chemical reactivity of ^IVT-O-^IVT linkages in polymerized tetrahedral environments.  相似文献   

Pyrolysis-high resolution gas chromatography and pyrolysis gas chromatography-mass spectrometry of kerogens and kerogen precursors     

Dik van de Meent  Stephen C. Brown  R.Paul Philp  Bernd R.T. Simoneit 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》1980,44(7):999-1013

A series of kerogens and kerogen precursors isolated from DSDP samples, oil shales and Recent algal mats have been examined by Curie point pyrolysis-high resolution gas chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. This study has shown that the three main types of kerogens (marine, terrestrial and mixtures of both) can be characterized using these techniques. The marine (algal) kerogens yield principally aliphatic products and the terrestrial kerogens yield more aromatic and phenolic products with some n-alkanes and n-alkenes. The yields of n-alkanes and n-alkenes increase and phenols decrease with increasing geologic age, however, pyrolysis-GC cannot be used to characterize the influence of short term diagenesis on the kerogen structure.  相似文献   

Determination of predevelopment denudation rates of an agricultural watershed (Cayaguás River, Puerto Rico) using in-situ-produced Be in river-borne quartz     

Erik Thorson Brown  Robert F. Stallard  Matthew C. Larsen  Didier L. Bourls  Grant M. Raisbeck  Franoise Yiou 《Earth and Planetary Science Letters》1998,160(3-4):723-728

Accurate estimates of watershed denudation absent anthropogenic effects are required to develop strategies for mitigating accelerated physical erosion resulting from human activities, to model global geochemical cycles, and to examine interactions among climate, weathering, and uplift. We present a simple approach to estimate predevelopment denudation rates using in-situ-produced cosmogenic ¹⁰Be in fluvial sediments. Denudation processes in an agricultural watershed (Cayaguás River Basin, Puerto Rico) and a matched undisturbed watershed (Icacos River Basin) were compared using ¹⁰Be concentrations in quartz for various size fractions of bed material. The coarse fractions in both watersheds bear the imprint of long subsurface residence times. Fine material from old shallow soils contributes little, however, to the present-day sediment output of the Cayaguás. This confirms the recent and presumably anthropogenic origin of the modern high denudation rate in the Cayaguás Basin and suggests that pre-agricultural erosional conditions were comparable to those of the present-day Icacos.  相似文献   

International liability for weather modification     

Edith Brown Weiss 《Climatic change》1978,1(3):267-290

Can a State be held liable to another State or to citizens of another State for damage caused by (a) the State's own weather modification activities; (b) weather modification activities conducted by a nongovernmental party within its borders, or (c) weather modification activities conducted by persons within its control but outside its borders? What measures can be taken by a State to minimize its liability for weather modification activities? This article tries to answer these questions. It focuses on liability under international law, and emphasizes issues related to cloud-seeding to affect precipitation and to hurricane modification.  相似文献   

Seismic reflections from Precambrian crust     

Scott B. Smithson  Peter N. Shive  Stanley K. Brown 《Earth and Planetary Science Letters》1977,37(2):333-338

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Composition and petrology of the Earth's mantle: A.E. Ringwood. McGraw-Hill Book Company Ltd., Maidenhead, 1975, 618 pp., 152 figs., 70 tables,UK £ 22.15     

G.Malcolm Brown 《Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors》1977,15(1):109-110

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Space geology — An introduction: Elbert A. King. John Wiley & Sons,Ltd., Chichester, 1976, 349 pp., 180 figs., 33 tables,glossary, UK £ 10.25, US $ 18.95     

G.Malcolm Brown 《Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors》1977,14(2):179-180

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The origin of biotite in Archaean meta-sediments near Yellowknife,N.W.T., Canada. a discussion     

E. H. Brown 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》1974,46(1):75-76

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Matching classical boundary-layer solutions toward a geostrophic drag coefficient relation     

R. A. Brown 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》1974,7(4):489-500

The relationship between geostrophic, Ekman-layer, and surface-layer flow is explored. Formalized limit solutions for each layer are developed; together they form a continuous solution for the semi-infinite flow over a surface. These classical solutions are re-derived and related, to prepare for a two-layer composite boundarylayer solution with patching criteria. The patching process yields a resistance law which indicates a correspondence between the stress and the geostrophic flow deviation involving a similarity relation with two arbitrary parameters.  相似文献