Examination of ‘global atmospheric temperature monitoring with satellite microwave measurements’: 1) theoretical considerations     

C. Prabhakara  J. J. Nucciarone  Jung-Moon Yoo 《Climatic change》1995,30(3):349-366

In recent studies (Spencer and Christy, 1990; and Spenceret al., 1990) it is suggested that observations at 53.74 GHz made by the Microwave Sounding Unit (MSU), flown on NOAA operational weather satellites, can yield a precise estimate of global mean temperature and its change as a function of time. Hansen and Wilson (1993) question their interpretation of temporal changes on the grounds that the microwave observations could be influenced by the opacity of the variable constituents in the atmosphere. This issue has broad interest because of the importance of detection of global climatic change.In order to help resolve this issue, in this study we utilize a radiative transfer model to simulate: (a) the observations of MSU Channel 1 (Ch. 1) at 50.3 GHz, in the weakly absorbing region of the 60 GHz molecular oxygen absorption band; and (b) the observations of MSU Channel 2 (Ch. 2) at 53.74 GHz, in the moderately strong absorption region of the same band. This radiative transfer model includes extinction due to clouds and rain in addition to absorption due to molecular oxygen and water vapor.The model simulations show that, over the oceans, extinction due to rain and clouds in Ch. 1 causes an increase in brightness temperature, while in Ch. 2 it causes a decrease. Over the land, however, both Ch. 1 and Ch. 2 show a decrease in brightness temperature due to rain and cloud extinction. These theoretical results are consistent with simultaneous observations in Ch. 1 and Ch. 2 made by MSU. Based on theory and observations we infer that a substantial number of the MSU observations at 53.74 GHz used by Spenceret al. contain rain and cloud contamination. As a result, their MSU derived global mean temperatures and long term trend is questionable.  相似文献   

Image-Based Modeling of Urban Buildings Using Aerial Photographs and Digital Maps     

Byounghyun Yoo  Soonhung Han 《Transactions in GIS》2006,10(3):377-394

A VR (virtual reality) simulator which is used for helicopter simulations requires a virtual environment of real world urban areas. However, real urban environments are continuously changing. It is necessary to develop a modeling method that makes direct use of GIS (geographical information system) data which is updated periodically. A flight simulation needs to visualize not only buildings in the near distance but also a large number of buildings in the far distance. We propose a method for modeling urban environments from aerial images and digital maps with relatively little manual work. An image‐based method is applied to the urban modeling that considers the characteristics of Korean cities. Buildings in the distance can be presented without creating a large number of polygons. The proposed method consists of a pre‐processing stage that prepares the model from the GIS data and a modeling stage that creates the virtual urban environment. The virtual urban environment utilizes the height map of buildings.  相似文献   

Rainfall‐runoff analysis based on competing linear impulse responses: decomposition of rainfall‐runoff processes     

Chulsang Yoo  Jooyoung Park 《水文研究》2008,22(5):660-669

Many recent studies have successfully used neural networks for non‐linear rainfall‐runoff modelling. Due to fundamental limitation of linear structures, approaches employing linear models have been generally considered inferior to the neural network approaches in this area. However, the authors believe that with an appropriate extension, the concept of linear impulse responses can be a viable tool since it enables one to understand underlying dynamics of rainfall‐runoff processes. In this paper, the use of competing impulse responses for rainfall‐runoff analysis is proposed. The proposed method is based on the switch over of competing linear impulse‐responses, each of which satisfies the constraints of non‐negativity and uni‐modality. The computational analyses performed for the rainfall‐runoff data in the Seolma‐Chun experimental basin, Korea showed that the proposed method can yield promising results. Considering the basin characteristics as well as the results from this study, it may be concluded that three impulse responses are enough for rainfall‐runoff analysis. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Enhancement of seasonal prediction of East Asian summer rainfall related to western tropical Pacific convection     

Doo Young Lee  Joong-Bae Ahn  Jin-Ho Yoo 《Climate Dynamics》2015,45(3-4):1025-1042

  相似文献   

Seismic stratigraphy of the Heuksan mud belt in the southeastern Yellow Sea,Korea     

Gwang-Soo Lee  Dong Geun Yoo  Sung Ho Bae  Gun-Hong Min  Seong-Pil Kim  Hunsoo Choi 《Geo-Marine Letters》2015,35(6):433-446

  相似文献   

Quaternary mud deposits on the Korean shelf—processes,facies, stratigraphy: an introduction and future challenges     

Tae Soo Chang  Dong-Geun Yoo 《Geo-Marine Letters》2015,35(6):405-410

  相似文献   

A comparative study of toxicity identification using Daphnia magna and Tigriopus japonicus: implications of establishing effluent discharge limits in Korea     

Kang SW  Seo J  Han J  Lee JS  Jung J 《Marine pollution bulletin》2011,63(5-12):370-375

In Korea, the new permission criteria for industrial effluents based on Daphnia magna acute toxicity tests will be gradually implemented starting from 2011. Thus, in this study, toxicity assessment and identification using a marine species (Tigriopus japonicus) and the freshwater species (D. magna) was comparatively investigated. Effluent from an acid mine drainage treatment plant showed acute toxicity toward both organisms due to low pH, which was removed by neutralization of the effluent. Additionally, evaluation of the effluent of an electronics company revealed that Cu was attributable to the observed toxicity, and the effluent was more toxic toward T. japonicus than D. magna. Moreover, effluents from a metal plating factory were acutely toxic toward D. magna (6.50 TU), while they were not toxic against T. japonicus. Toxicity identification revealed that the high level of Cl- (12,841 mg L(-1)) was the cause of toxicity. Thus, the effluents had no effect on the marine species, T. japonicus. These findings suggest that a marine species rather than a freshwater species is more desirable for toxicity assessment of industrial effluent discharged into the saltwater, and thus should be considered in the legislation of toxicity-based discharge limits in Korea.  相似文献   

Influence of gusset plate connections and braces on the seismic performance of X‐braced frames     

Charles W. Roeder  Dawn E. Lehman  Kelly Clark  Jacob Powell  Jung‐Han Yoo  Keh‐Chyuan Tsai  Chih‐Han Lin  Chih‐Yu Wei 《地震工程与结构动力学》2011,40(4):355-374

Braced frames are one of the most economical and efficient seismic resisting systems yet few full‐scale tests exist. A recent research project, funded by the National Science Foundation (NSF), seeks to fill this gap by developing high‐resolution data of improved seismic resisting braced frame systems. As part of this study, three full‐scale, two‐story concentrically braced frames in the multi‐story X‐braced configuration were tested. The experiments examined all levels of system performance, up to and including fracture of multiple braces in the frame. Although the past research suggests very limited ductility of SCBFs with HSS rectangular tubes for braces recent one‐story tests with improved gusset plate designs suggest otherwise. The frame designs used AISC SCBF standards and two of these frames designs also employed new concepts developed for gusset plate connection design. Two specimens employed HSS rectangular tubes for bracing, and the third specimen had wide flange braces. Two specimens had rectangular gusset plates and the third had tapered gusset plates. The HSS tubes achieved multiple cycles at maximum story drift ratios greater than 2% before brace fracture with the improved connection design methods. Frames with wide flange braces achieved multiple cycles at maximum story drift greater than 2.5% before brace fracture. Inelastic deformation was distributed between the two stories with the multi‐story X‐brace configuration and top story loading. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Carbon–mineral interactions along an earthworm invasion gradient at a Sugar Maple Forest in Northern Minnesota     

Amy Lyttle  Kyungsoo Yoo  Cindy Hale  Anthony Aufdenkampe  Stephen Sebestyen 《Applied Geochemistry》2011

The interactions of organic matter and minerals contribute to the capacity of soils to store C. Such interactions may be controlled by the processes that determine the availability of organic matter and minerals, and their physical contacts. One of these processes is bioturbation, and earthworms are the best known organisms that physically mix soils. Earthworms are not native species to areas previously glaciated, and the introduction of earthworms to these regions has been associated with often dramatic changes in soil structure and geochemical cycles. The authors are studying C mineral interaction along an approximately 200 m long earthworm invasion transect in a hardwood forest in northern Minnesota. This transect extends from the soils where earthworms are absent to soils that have been invaded by earthworms for nearly 30–40 years. Pre-invaded soils have an approximately 5 cm thick litter layer, thin (～5 cm) A horizon, silt rich E horizon, and clay-rich Bt horizons. The A and E horizons formed from aeolian deposits, while the clay-rich Bt horizons probably developed from underlying glacial till. With the advent of earthworm invasion, the litter layer disappears and the A horizons thicken at the expense of the O and E horizons. In addition, organic C contents in the A horizons significantly increase with the arrival of earthworms. Simultaneously, measured mineral specific surface areas suggest that minerals’ capacities to complex the organic matter appear to be greater in soils with active earthworm populations. Based on the data from two end member soils along the transect, mineral specific surface areas in the A and E horizons are larger in the earthworm invaded soil than in the pre-invasion soil. Additionally, within < 5 a of earthworm invasions, A horizon materials are turned from single grain to a strong medium granular structure. While A horizon organic matter content and organic C-mineral complexation increase after earthworm invasion, they are also more vigorously mixed. This growing data set, when ultimately combined with ongoing measurements of (1) the population dynamics of earthworms along the invasion transect, (2) C-mineral association (via surface adsorption and physical collusion in mineral aggregates) and (3) dissolved organic C will show how and how much soil capacity to store C is affected by burrowing organisms, which are often the keystone species of given ecosystems.  相似文献   

Qualitative assessment of gas hydrate and gas concentrations from the AVO characteristics of the BSR in the Ulleung Basin, East Sea (Japan Sea)     

Bo Y. Yi  Gwang H. Lee  Senay Horozal  Dong G. Yoo  Byong J. Ryu  Nyeon K. Kang  Sung R. Lee  Han J. Kim 《Marine and Petroleum Geology》2011,28(10):1953-1966

The presence of gas hydrate in the Ulleung Basin, East Sea (Japan Sea), inferred by various seismic indicators, including the widespread bottom-simulating reflector (BSR), has been confirmed by coring and drilling. We applied the standard AVO technique to the BSRs in turbidite/hemipelagic sediments crosscutting the dipping beds and those in debris-flow deposits to qualitatively assess the gas hydrate and gas concentrations. These BSRs are not likely to be affected by thin-bed tuning which can significantly alter the AVO response of the BSR. The BSRs crosscutting the dipping beds in turbidite/hemipelagic sediments are of low-seismic amplitude and characterized by a small positive gradient, indicating a decrease in Poisson’s ratio in the gas-hydrate stability zone (GHSZ), which, in turn, suggests the presence of gas hydrate. The BSRs in debris-flow deposits are characterized by a negative gradient, indicating decreased Poisson’s ratio below the GHSZ, which is likely due to a few percent or greater gas saturations. The increase in the steepness of the AVO gradient and the magnitude of the intercept of the BSRs in debris-flow deposits with increasing seismic amplitude of the BSRs is probably due to an increase in gas saturations, as predicted by AVO model studies based on rock physics. The reflection strength of the BSRs in debris-flow deposits, therefore, can be a qualitative measure of gas saturations below the GHSZ.  相似文献