全文获取类型
收费全文 | 771篇 |
免费 | 24篇 |
国内免费 | 3篇 |
专业分类
测绘学 | 65篇 |
大气科学 | 86篇 |
地球物理 | 257篇 |
地质学 | 242篇 |
海洋学 | 43篇 |
天文学 | 60篇 |
综合类 | 4篇 |
自然地理 | 41篇 |
出版年
2021年 | 7篇 |
2020年 | 11篇 |
2019年 | 6篇 |
2018年 | 20篇 |
2017年 | 22篇 |
2016年 | 34篇 |
2015年 | 26篇 |
2014年 | 19篇 |
2013年 | 38篇 |
2012年 | 29篇 |
2011年 | 35篇 |
2010年 | 33篇 |
2009年 | 42篇 |
2008年 | 27篇 |
2007年 | 34篇 |
2006年 | 14篇 |
2005年 | 18篇 |
2004年 | 16篇 |
2003年 | 15篇 |
2002年 | 19篇 |
2001年 | 12篇 |
2000年 | 12篇 |
1999年 | 8篇 |
1998年 | 8篇 |
1997年 | 11篇 |
1996年 | 13篇 |
1995年 | 9篇 |
1993年 | 12篇 |
1992年 | 13篇 |
1991年 | 6篇 |
1990年 | 5篇 |
1989年 | 6篇 |
1988年 | 6篇 |
1987年 | 9篇 |
1986年 | 8篇 |
1985年 | 14篇 |
1984年 | 17篇 |
1983年 | 12篇 |
1982年 | 22篇 |
1981年 | 13篇 |
1980年 | 13篇 |
1979年 | 16篇 |
1978年 | 6篇 |
1977年 | 7篇 |
1976年 | 5篇 |
1974年 | 6篇 |
1972年 | 5篇 |
1971年 | 4篇 |
1970年 | 4篇 |
1968年 | 4篇 |
排序方式: 共有798条查询结果,搜索用时 31 毫秒
51.
52.
Measurements of the isotopic composition of nitrogen in the solar system are summarized. We show that the 30% change, during the last 3 to 4 billion years, of in solar-wind-bearing lunar soils and breccias probably does not reflect changes in this ratio at the solar surface. Such changes, whether by spallation or thermonuclear reactions are ruled out by comparing the yields of 15N with those of other rare isotopes such as 9Be, 11B, 3He or 13C, even if an arbitrary degree of solar mixing is introduced. Moreover, we calculate that the solar activity required for producing significant amounts of 15N by spallation at the solar surface should have resulted in a particle bombardment of the Moon of an intensity that would have produced amounts of spallation isotopes (e.g.15N, 21Ne, 38Ar, 131Xe) several orders of magnitude in excess of what is actually found in the whole regolith.We argue that accretion of interstellar matter also does not work as a cause for a significant change of the photospheric ratio. Evidence is presented that the mixing depth at the solar surface on a time scale of ?109 years is (10?2 ?10?1) M⊙ Mixing to this depth renders accretion of interstellar matter as a source of compositional changes at the solar surface inefficient, even if allowance is made for the expected large difference in the accretion rates of condensed and gaseous matter. A quantitative treatment of several alternatives of solar accretion leads to serious contradictions (e.g. with the low Ne abundances in planetary atmospheres or with the amounts of nitrogen that should have been directly accreted by the Moon), and we conclude that accretion during the main sequence life of the Sun is an unlikely source of changes in at the solar surface.A ratio of is our best estimate for average solar system material and for the Sun. We propose that a rare, very light nitrogen component (called LPN) is admixed in varying amounts to planetary matter. Undiluted LPN has not been found in meteorites or planetary atmospheres, but we show that the combined effects of LPN admixture and isotope fractionation can in principle account for the variability of observed in the planetary system. Determination of the Jovian ratio with an accuracy of ~10% would crucially test our interpretation of the nitrogen isotope observations. 相似文献
53.
R. Koch 《洁净——土壤、空气、水》1983,11(5):511-522
The molecular connectivity index developed by Randic as a numerical expression characterizes the position and bond of atoms in the molecular structure. Since significant correlations between the molar refraction as well as electron polarizability and ecotoxicologically relevant parameters of substances were determined in the preceding investigations, such connections are investigated also for this index and sorption coefficients, bioconcentration factors and toxicity data. By the example of 56 differentiated organic substances, significant regression relations are demonstrated between bioconcentration factors, sorption coefficients and toxicity data as well as the valency molecular connectivity indices. By these regressions it is possible to determine essential distribution and action parameters of chemical substances from the structure for assesing an ecotoxicological risk. The possibilities resulting from this for predicting ecotoxicologically relevant parameters of substances are discussed. 相似文献
54.
Fredric L. Prikle Thomas R. Bement Jo Ann Howell Charles D. Koch Newton K. Stablein Richard J. Beckman Gary L. Tietjen 《Journal of Geochemical Exploration》1983,18(3):175-187
Throughout the aerial radiometric reconnaissance survey portion of the U.S. Department of Energy's National Uranium Resource Evaluation (NURE) program, the identification of outliers (anomalies) was an important approach to locating regions with radio-element concentrations that are either higher or lower than expected. The method introduced herein to locate such regions involves three steps: selection of a high (or low) threshold for the variate of interest; use of the sample percentile to identify all points of interest; and movement of a window over the selected data to locate significant clusters of observations. These steps, applied to aerial radiometric 214Bi (equivalent uranium) data collected over the Copper Mountain area in Wyoming, resulted in the identification of areas enriched in that variate. 相似文献
55.
Marc Rütschlin Johannes H. Cloete Iain M. Mason Keith D. Palmer 《Journal of Applied Geophysics》2007,62(4):354-360
A new measurement technique enables the complex dielectric properties of the geological strata comprising the UG1–UG2 (Upper Group 1–Upper Group 2) unit of the Bushveld Complex in South Africa to be determined with unprecedented detail at radio frequencies (RF). Results of non-destructive laboratory measurements of representative diamond drill core samples from the UG1–UG2 unit are presented at 25 MHz. These data establish that the UG1 and UG2 chromitite layers are embedded in rock strata (norite, pyroxenite and anorthosite) which are translucent in the HF spectral band, whereas the chromitite layers themselves exhibit significant velocity contrast, making them good radar reflectors. The data presented here is useful for calibration of the radar system, and for predicting the range and resolution performance of borehole radars operating in both the hanging and footwalls of the economically important platiniferous UG2 reef. 相似文献
56.
Tom Koch Kenneth Denike 《Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment (SERRA)》2007,21(5):523-531
The problem is not uncertainty—proposed here as an inevitable condition—but the chimera of certainty asserted by most contemporary
researchers. Problems of data definition, collection, and their use are reviewed in terms of spatial epidemiology and health
data with examples drawn from several areas of contemporary health research. The argument is that preconceptions limit data
modeled in a manner assuming its completeness. The result, as the West Nile Virus example seeks to demonstrate, may obscure
other patterns and limit avenues of research. 相似文献
57.
The impacts of military activities in peacetime, military action and territorial changes on greenhouse gas emission commitments of nations under the Kyoto Protocol are analysed. We propose rules and institutional responsibilities to deal with the repercussions of such changes on markets in emission permits and national commitments aiming at prevention of serious distortions. 相似文献
58.
M. Tichomirowa H.-J. Berger E.A. Koch B.V. Belyatski J. Gtze U. Kempe L. Nasdala U. Schaltegger 《Lithos》2001,56(4):303-332
This study is an attempt to unravel the tectono-metamorphic history of high-grade metamorphic rocks in the Eastern Erzgebirge region. Metamorphism has strongly disturbed the primary petrological genetic characteristics of the rocks. We compare geological, geochemical, and petrological data, and zircon populations as well as isotope and geochronological data for the major gneiss units of the Eastern Erzgebirge; (1) coarse- to medium-grained “Inner Grey Gneiss”, (2) fine-grained “Outer Grey Gneiss”, and (3) “Red Gneiss”. The Inner and Outer Grey Gneiss units (MP–MT overprinted) have very similar geochemical and mineralogical compositions, but they contain different zircon populations. The Inner Grey Gneiss is found to be of primary igneous origin as documented by the presence of long-prismatic, oscillatory zoned zircons (540 Ma) and relics of granitic textures. Geochemical and isotope data classify the igneous precursor as a S-type granite. In contrast, Outer Grey Gneiss samples are free of long-prismatic zircons and contain zircons with signs of mechanical rounding through sedimentary transport. Geochemical data indicate greywackes as main previous precursor. The most euhedral zircons are zoned and document Neoproterozoic (ca. 575 Ma) source rocks eroded to form these greywackes. U–Pb-SHRIMP measurements revealed three further ancient sources, which zircons survived in both the Inner and Outer Grey Gneiss: Neoproterozoic (600–700 Ma), Paleoproterozoic (2100–2200 Ma), and Archaean (2700–2800 Ma). These results point to absence of Grenvillian type sources and derivation of the crust from the West African Craton. The granite magma of the Inner Grey Gneiss was probably derived through in situ melting of the Outer Grey Gneiss sedimentary protolith as indicated by geological relationships, similar geochemical composition, similar Nd model ages, and inherited zircon ages. Red Gneiss occurs as separate bodies within fine- and medium-grained grey gneisses of the gneiss–eclogite zone (HP–HT overprinted). In comparison to Grey Gneisses, the Red Gneiss clearly differs in geochemical composition by lower contents of refractory elements. Rocks contain long-prismatic zircons (480–500 Ma) with oscillatory zonation indicating an igneous precursor for Red Gneiss protoliths. Geochemical data display obvious characteristics of S-type granites derived through partial melting from deeper crustal source rocks. The obtained time marks of magmatic activity (ca. 575 Ma, ca. 540 Ma, ca. 500–480 Ma) of the Eastern Erzgebirge are compared with adjacent units of the Saxothuringian zone. In all these units, similar time marks and geochemical pattern of igneous rocks prove a similar tectono-metamorphic evolution during Neoproterozoic–Ordovician time. 相似文献
59.
Beyond light: Physical, geological, and geochemical parameters as possible submersed aquatic vegetation habitat requirements 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Evamaria W. Koch 《Estuaries and Coasts》2001,24(1):1-17
When determining the suitability of a certain area as a habitat for submersed aquatic vegetation (SAV), light and parameters that modify light (epiphytes, total suspended solids, chlorophyll concentration, nutrients) are the first factors to be taken into consideration. As a result, in the past 10 years, light has been the major focus of SAV research. Even so, we are still unable to explain why SAV often occurs in one area but is absent just a few meters away. Recent studies have shown that SAV may not occur in areas where light levels are adequate but other parameters like wave energy and sulfide concentrations are excessive. It is time to look beyond light when determining SAV habitat requirements. This paper summarizes the impact that physical (waves, currents, tides, and turbulence), geological (sediment grain size and organic matter), and geochemical (mainly sulfide) parameters may have on SAV habitat suitality. Light remains an integral part of the discussion but the focus shifts from maximum depths of distribution (determined mainly by light) to the range SAV can colonize between the maximum and minimum depths of distribution (determined mainly by physical forces). This paper establishes minimum depths of occurrence resulting from the effects of tides and waves, preferred ranges in particle size, organic content, and sulfide, as well as lilfide, as well as limits on currents and waves as related to the capacity to stay rooted at one extreme and diffusive boundary layer constrains at the other. 相似文献